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Team:Berkeley Wetlab/Project Overview
From 2009.igem.org
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What is Cell Surface Display?
Cell surface display is a system for exposing proteins/peptides to the extracellular environment by anchoring them to the outermembrane of a cell. This is done by fusing a protein or peptide of interest to a protein domain that naturally inserts itself into the outer membrane. Genetic devices for cell surface display are generally composed of three basic components:
- Passenger domain: the protein or peptide exposed to the extracellular environment.
- Displayer domain: the domain that anchors the passenger to the outer membrane.
- Structural Spacer Element: a link between the passenger and the displayer.
The Problem
Certain functions cannot be engineered into E. coli without a cell surface display system. For example, the presence of large insoluble molecules incapable of passing through the cell membrane can only be detected extracellularly. Cell surface display promises many advantages over conventional cytoplasmic protein expression systems. It offers the possibility of creating and screening proteins for directed evolution. Cell surface display also enables researchers to display proteins on the surface of cells thereby making them freely accessible to their substrates without having to deal with transport problems. However, success in building a functional cell surface display system currently relies on a trial and error approach that is not guided by design principles. While it is almost certain that for a given passenger, a combination of displayer and structural spacers exists that leads to functional display, it is not clear what this combination is or how to choose such a combination rationally.
Our Goal
To create basic design principles for cell surface display which can serve as guidelines for future iGEM teams (and others) attempting to build systems that involve cell surface display.
Our Approach
We made many display systems in a combinatorial fashion to come up with basic design principles for cell surface display. We tested a few passengers with many different displayers and spacers in order to find combinations and patterns that produce functional devices. This approach requires the construction of a very large number of parts, so we developed a high throughput automated assembly method to facilitate our project. The data generated by our project should allow future investigators to estimate the number of combinations that must be constructed in order to find functional display, and should help investigators chose subsets of combinations within the developed design space that are most likely to yield success.
Passengers
| Passengers are typically proteins/peptides that would not naturally reside on the outermembrane of E.coli, but are put there by a cell surface display device. They are the functional units of cell surface display devices. We chose to examine a subset of passengers that would be essential to display for bacterial systems of different applications. We also chose passengers whose functional display could be assayed in vivo and high throughput. To read more about the passengers we used and our success in dispalying them, visit our parts page. |
Displayers
| Displayers can be divided into two classes, N terminal and C terminal, based on which terminus of the displayer its passenger is fused to. We built cell surface display systems using many different N and C terminal displayers. Most of the displayers we examined were autotransporters, proteins that form a pore in the outermembrane and then pull their N terminus through this pore, but many were common outermembrane proteins that have exposed extracellular termini. To read more about the displayers we used, visit our parts page. |
Spacers
| Structural spacer regions are common in natural display systems. However, their function is unclear, so most people engineer cell surface display devices without spacer regions. We decided to examine the effect that spacer elements have on engineered cell surface display devices. To read more about the spacer parts we built visit our parts page. |
References
Jose, J et al. The Autodisplay Story, from Discovery to Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications. Microbiol Mol Biol. December 2007; 71(4): 600–619. Available Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2168652/?tool=pubmed (Accessed: 20 October 2009).
