Team:Paris/Conclusion

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Experimental Results
In order to prove the feasibility of our project 5 main points needed to be adressed:

1. Addressing proteins to the emmiting bacteria outer membrane

2. Controlling the production of outer membrane vesicles

3. Addressing proteins to outer membrane vesicles

4. Fusing outer membrane vesicles of the emmiting population with the outer membrane of receiver cells

5. Transducing a signal from a protein in the outer membrane to a reporter gene in the receiver

We provided experimental evidence for 3 out of this 5 points:

Addressing proteins into the sender bacteria outer membrane
Our strategy was here to take advantage of the clyA outer membrane protein by fusing a fluorophore to N or C terminal of the ClyA protein.[More information]



Our clyA-mRFP1 fusion was cloned under the control of a pBAD promoter ( BBa_K257011 ). We can in this microscopy pictures clearly observe the membrane localization of fluorescence.

Pbad-clyA-RFP on arabinose medium



Pbad-clyA-RFP on LB medium (without arabinose)



Pfec-RFP on medium with citrate (without clyA, fluorescence isn't localize on the membrane exclusively)



On the first image, we observed fluorescence localized to the membrane when growing bacteria transformed with PBad-ClyA-RFP on a medium with arabinose. We can compare it to 2 others images from microcoscopy : with Pbad-clyA-RFP without arabinose, the fluorescent is less intense (pBad isn't repressed so there is little expression of clyA-RFP). The third image demonstrate that without clyA, RFP isn't localize exclusively in the membrane (here, it's an example with Bba_K257023 )

Controling vesicle production and addessing proteins into them
The strategy was here to destabilize the outer membrane by playing with the tolAR system ( BBa_K257005 ). We either worked with tolA- strains or we tried to overexpress protein domains of tolR in order to disrupt the Tol protein complex essential for membrane stability.[More information]

 Production of vesicles OFF 

 Production of vesicles ON 

As OMVs are very small (around 100nm) they are impossible to see with optical microscopy. As we did not dispose of an electron microscope we tried to see if our clyA-mRFP1 when expressed in a tolA mutant could lead to the presence of red fluorescence into vesicles. Here are images of what could be fluorescent vesicles. Nevertheless we are just above background fluorescence and more controls would be required for a real proof, electronic microscopy and ultra centrifugation will be the next step to prove that we are really observing vesicles containing ClyA::RFP.



The next step in the development of this strategy would be the implementation of the delay system to ensure a good quality of the emitted signal as shown thanks to modeling studies :

we have tested the two part separately the two parts:

Plac TetR pTet RFP :

on Lb medium 1 % glucose (left photo : white light, right : fluorescence m1RFP)



on LB medium. (left photo : white light, right : fluorescence m1RFP)



PBad LacI YFP:

On medium 1% glucose (left photo : white light, right : fluorescence YFP)



On LB medium         (left photo : white light, right : fluorescence YFP)



Transducing a signal from a protein in the outer membrane to a reporter gene in the receiver
As a first proof of principle for our project, we wanted to use the FecA protein as the message. FecA is an outer membrane protein implied in ferric citrate uptake and in signal transduction leading to the expression of the fecABCED operon. The idea is here to have a sender population producing and exporting fecA into vesicles, and a receiver population deleted for fecA. In this manner, only the receiver cells having fused with vesicles would transduce a signal leading to the expression of the pFec promoter controlling a reporter gene.

We cloned the pFec promoter into a plasmid carying the mRFP1 fluorescent protein BBa_K257023. This allowed us to caracterize it, showing that pFec is efficiently activated when ferric citrate is present in the medium.

Overnight cultures of BBa_K257023 were diluted 1/100 in LB or M9 medium supplemented with varying amount of FeNO3 and Na Citrate. Fluorescence and OD were assessed in a Tecan plate reader. Fluorescence divided by OD is plotted. The low Fluo/OD at high FeNO3 concentration can be explained by the toxicity of FeNO3. Note that the best response to Na Citrate is obtained with 1mM FeNO3.



microscopy :

pFec in BBa_J61002 was transforme into DH5alpha and after growing O.N, we diluted the culture at 1:500 in 5 ml of LB in three falcon tube, (without sodium citrate and ferric nitrate , with sodium citrate , with sodium citrate and ferric nitrate which are suppose to form a stable complexe : ferric citrate at a concentration of 30 mM)

On LB : the fec operon is slightly expressed



On LB + sodium citrate 30mM :



On LB + ferric citrate (ferric nitrate + sodium citrate ratio : 1:50) at the final concentration of 30 mM :



Conclusion :

We have detected a considerable change in the fluorescence, adding ferric citrate or sodium citrate in the medium increase the fluorescence, but we can assume that the LB contains Fe3+ so adding sodium citrate to the medium would chelate the Fe3+ and simulate a ferric citrate induction.

 

Modeling results
Due to the numbers of results and graphic we suggest you to visit the DryLab

 

iGEM experience
collaborations : see the collaboration page for details click here

Modeling : With Bristol

Vesicule production

Ehtics : with Valencia

Ethics poll

Software tool: Tu Delf and Valencia

Opinion poll

 

Conclusion
After a great summer of hard work, it's time to conclued on our project.

Concerning the laboratory experiment we learnt few things... The first one is that the bench work takes a lot of time, so even if our project is designed on paper, it's not so easy in the "practical" life.

Ethics is really important when a new discipline is created. In this direction, it was an evidence for our team to inclued the ethics as a part in our project. In this direction we were able to think about the synthetic biology and its applications. [Report Synthethics PDF]

About the collaboration, it was a great pleasure and it was really appreciable to work with other iGEM team for different part of our project (modelisation, ethics or i-phone tool). This collaboration allow us to contribute to the iGEM spirit.