Team:Nevada/Notebook

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 Home   The Team   The Project   Parts </li>  Modeling</a> </li> Notebook</a> </li> </ul> <img src="http://2009.igem.org/wiki/images/2/20/Fly.gif" border="0" alt="" /> <img src="http://2009.igem.org/wiki/images/b/b5/Banner.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="965" /> University of Nevada, Reno</a>

Janice/Leigh:

 * Made LB agar plates and liquid LB with tetracycline.
 * Made tetracycline stock solution (5mg/ml).

Tony/Nick:

 * RE digestion of RBS, Lac I, 2x Term, out of BioBrick Plasmids (2x Terminator digested with XbaI/SpeI, everything digested with NotI.)
 * Ran 0.8% Agarose gel of digestions above.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Made LB liquid media and performed QIAGEN Plasmid Maxi Preps for
 * BBa_B0014 in pSB1AK3 (double terminator)
 * BBA_B0034 in pSB1A3 (ribosome binding site)
 * BBA_R0011 in pSB1A3 (lac I promoter)
 * BBa_I0500 in pSB2K3 (pBAD/Arac promoter).


 * Made glycerol stocks for 1) to 4).
 * Minipreps were done on the following Arabidopsis genes:
 * cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR2)
 * cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR1)
 * phenylalanine-ammonia lyase
 * 4-coumarate:CoA ligase 1
 * 4-coumarate:CoA ligase 2


 * Digestions:
 * Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR2) was digested with HindIII and SalI.
 * Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR1) was digested with EcorI and HindIII.
 * Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase was digested with EcoRI and SacI.
 * 4-coumarate:CoA ligase 1 was digested with HindIII.
 * 4-coumarate:CoA ligase 2 was digested with EcoRI and HindIII.

Chris/Joey:

 * Prepare chemically competent DB3 cells (from Invitrogen) as described here:
 * TSS buffer was prepared as described in aforementioned article


 * Tested Comp cells by transformation of pGEM
 * Transform cells with 10ug pGEM
 * 3 Amp plates: 10uL, 100uL, Remaining cells, Negative Control
 * Efficiency = 1X10^5
 * Transform BBa_I52001 and BBa_J04450 into DB3 with Neg. Control
 * BBa_I52001 transformation failed

Tony/Nick:

 * PCR of CCR2 (cinamoyl CoA reductase gene)

Janice/Leigh:

 * BBa_J04450 in plasmid pSB1AT3 (RFP), BBa_J04450 in plasmid pSB1AT3 (ccdB), BBa_I52001 in plasmid pSB3T5 (ccdb), BBa_J04450 in plasmid pSB3T5 (RFP) were transformed into NEB10 chemically competent cells. These are the tetracycline resistant plasmid backbones.
 * Cultures were grown and DNA was extracted for the plasmid backbones described above.

Chris/Joey:

 * Repeat BBa_I52001 transformation
 * Prepare liquid clutures of BBa_I52001 transformed cells
 * Miniprep unsing Qiagen Quickspin protocol
 * 30.21 ng/uL BBa I52001
 * 48.77 ng/uL BBa_I52001


 * Ran gel of miniprep digested with EcoRI to confirm size

Tony/Nick:

 * Topo clone CCR2, tranformed into One Shot, and spread on LB+Amp plates.
 * Isolated colonies from transformation and spread on fresh LB+Amp plates.
 * Minipreped transformed colonies from fresh plate.
 * RE digestion of Minipreped CCR2 and run on 0.8% Agarose gel.
 * RE digestion of CCR2, CCR1(another Cinamoyl CoA reductase), Phenyalanine Lyase (PAL1) and Ran Gel.

Alex:

 * Work on modeling of the genes in the pathway.

Janice/Leigh:

 * The Arabidopsis genes were digested and were analyzed by gel electrophoresis.
 * The double terminator, ribosome binding site, lac I promoter, pBAD promoter, and two tetracycline resistant plasmid backbones were restriction digested and ran on an agarose gel.

Chris/Joey:

 * Restriction Digests were done with EcoR1 on Minipreps of BBa_I52001


 * .8% agarose gel was run to check band sizes of digests


 * Make NEB10 Competent Cells ; Check for Efficiency

Tony/Nick:

 * RE digestion of CCR2 with XbaI, EcoRI, PstI, SpeI (separate digests).
 * Sequenced CCR2.

Alex:

 * Researched the program Mathematica to write the program for the protein modeling.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Performed the 3-way ligation for the lac I promoter (upstream part), ribosome binding site (RBS) (downstream part), and the destination plasmid (BBa_I52001 in pSB3C5; chloramphenicol resistance).
 * Digestion: lac I promoter was digested with EcoRI and SpeI; RBS was digested with XbaI and PstI; destination plasmid was digested with EcoRI and PstI. All were digested at 37ºC for one hour and the restriction enzymes were deactivated at 80ºC for 20 minutes.
 * Ligation: The lac I promoter, RBS, and the destination plasmid (BBa_I52001 in pSB3C5) were ligated and incubated for one hour.


 * The 3-way ligation was transformed into NEB10 competent cells.
 * 20 μl of the 3-way ligation described above were added to 100 μl of NEB10 competent cells.
 * Chloramphenicol was spread onto the LB plates to a final concentration of 25 μg/ml.
 * 10, 100, and 160 μl of the transformation were added to 3 LB plates.
 * 80 colonies of the 3-way ligation were screened on Amp and Chloramphenicol plates, resulting with 6 colonies that grew only on Chloramphenicol.

Chris/Joey:

 * Design Primers for PCR of U22800 for pEntr


 * Run PCR (Trial 1) - Check on gel - Failed


 * Run PCR (Trial 2) - Check on gel - Failed


 * Run PCR (Trial 3) - Check on gel - Positive Control Worked


 * Adjusting Annealing Temperatures for Primers

Tony/Nick:

 * PCR CCR2 and ran on gel.

Alex:

 * Wrote the program to make graphs of the activity of the proteins in the cinnamaldehyde producing pathway.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Screening of the 3-way ligation (lac promoter/RBS/backbone) colonies
 * Six selected colonies were cultured in LB-Chloramphenicol (25μg/ml)
 * The DNA was collected using a QIAGEN miniprep kit and concentration was determined by the Nanodrop.
 * All six colonies were digested with EcoRI to linearize, expecting a fragment length of 2.7kb.
 * Digests were run on a 1% agarose gel along with uncut DNA. Five of the six colonies resulted in the correct band length.
 * 3-way ligation of RBS (BBa_R0011), pBAD promoter (BBa_I0500), and Chloramphenicol backbone (pSB3C5)
 * The upstream part, pBAD promoter, was digested with EcoRI and SpeI
 * The downstream part, RBS, was digested with XbaI and PstI
 * The Chloramphenicol bakcbone was digested with EcoRI and PstI
 * All digests were incubated for one hour at 37C followed by a 20 minute deactivation step at 80C
 * 4μl of each of the three digests were used in a final 20μl ligation reaction with a one hour incubation at root temperature, followed by a 20 minute deactivation step at 80C
 * The ligation was transformed into NEB10 cells and volumes of 10, 50, 100μl, and the rest was spread on LB plates containing Chloramphenicol (25μg/ml)
 * The plates were incubated overnight at 37C

Chris/Joey:

 * Run PCR (Trail 4) using Gradient, change extension temperature to 68C - Check on gel - Failed


 * Checking primers to see if they are correct. (Turns out they were reversed - FAIL)


 * Redesign Primers Correctly

Tony/Nick:

 * Topo cloned CCR2 and transformed into NEB 10 Cells.
 * Plated Topo clones on Xgal/Amp plates.
 * Streaked selected colonies on Amp plates.
 * Minipreped and RE Digestion of CCR2 Topo clones.

Sheena:

 * Liquid Media Production
 * All media were produced as specified in "Modified from Callus Induction and Regeneration in Spirodela and Lemna" by J. Li, et al, and "High Expression of Transgene Protein in Spirodela" by Ron Vunsh, et al. Some modifications were made, but overall, it's the same basic procedures.


 * pH for liquid media produced on July 21st was 5.77 (desired range = 5.6 - 5.8)

J/Tyler:

 * Produced minipreps of U22800 and candidate colonies transformed with lacI-RBS-BBa-IS2001 inserted in pSB3C5, and purified them using QIAspin filters and protocol.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Screening of the 3-way ligation (pBAD promoter/RBS/backbone) colonies
 * 7 colonies were selected and cultured in 3ml of LB-Chloramphenicol (25μg/ml)
 * Each colony was digested with PstI to linearize and a double digest of PstI/EcoRI to cut out the pBAD promoter(1.2kb)
 * The digests were run on a 1% agarose gel, none of which resulted with the expected fragments lengths.
 * Sequencing Results of the 3-way ligation (lac promoter/RBS/backbone)
 * Two colonies which resulted with the correct fragment length from the restriction digests were sent to be sequenced to the Nevada Genomics Center using the Biobrick primers VF2 and VR. 500ng of each of the colonies was used for each of the sequencing reactions

Chris/Joey:

 * Run PCR of U22800 for pEntr with new primers (Trial 5)


 * Check samples on agarose gel - Failed (Time to remake dNTPs)


 * Remake dNTPs and buy new Taq

Tony/Nick:

 * 3 Way ligation of CCR2 with 2x terminator, and (BBa_52001) CPC resistant Backbone.
 * Transformation of 3 Way into NEB 10.

J/Tyler:

 * Miniprep of culture from E.coli U22800 glycerol stock to verify correct plasmid transformation.
 * All purifications with QIAspin columns failed

Janice/Leigh:

 * Repeated the 3-way ligation for the lac I promoter (upstream part), ribosome binding site (RBS) (downstream part), and the destination plasmid (BBa_I52001 in pSB3C5; chloramphenicol resistance).
 * Digestion: lac I promoter was digested with EcoRI and SpeI; RBS was digested with XbaI and PstI; destination plasmid was digested with EcoRI and PstI. All were digested at 37ºC for one hour and the restriction enzymes were deactivated at 80ºC for 20 minutes.
 * Ligation: The lac I promoter, RBS, and the destination plasmid (BBa_I52001 in pSB3C5) were ligated and incubated for one hour.


 * The 3-way ligation was transformed into NEB10 competent cells.
 * 20 μl of the 3-way ligation described above were added to 100 μl of NEB10 competent cells.
 * Chloramphenicol was spread onto the LB plates to a final concentration of 25 μg/ml.
 * 10, 100, and 160 μl of the transformation were added to 3 LB plates.
 * 80 colonies of the 3-way ligation were screened on Amp and Chloramphenicol plates, resulting with 6 colonies that grew only on Chloramphenicol.
 * Sequencing results resulted that the lac I promoter had mutated and was not the complete sequence


 * Re-transformation of Lac I promoter (BBa_R0011) in NEB10 company competent cells
 * selected one colony and cultured in 3ml of LB-Amp
 * DNA of the lac I promoter was collected using the QIAGEN miniprep kit

Chris/Joey:

 * Run PCR with new primers and dNTPs (Trial 6)


 * Check on gel - PCR was Successful, finally


 * Samples degraded


 * Re-Run PCR same as Trial 6


 * Check on gel - Successful again

Tony/Nick:

 * Streaked colonies from CCR2 + 2x term + I52001 CPC onto LB+CPC plates.
 * Selected colonies and Minipreped them.
 * Repeat of 3-way ligation, selection, and miniprep.

Sheena:

 * Produced Lemna Callus Media
 * pH was 5.62

J:

 * Two minipreps of E.coli U22800 culture from liquid stock, one purified via QIAspin column protocol, the other purified via alkali lysis protocol. Results showed a much greater and yield of plasmid via alkali lysis.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Made NEB10 competent cells
 * Checked for competency by transforming the cells with 100ng of PUC
 * Sent the chosen Lac I promoter (BBa_R0011) in for sequencing to the Nevada Genomics Center. The promoter was sequenced in both directions using Biobrick primers VF2 and VR.
 * Sequencing results confirmed that BBa_R0011 contains the complete lac I promoter sequence
 * Cultures set for the promoter in LB-Amp and DNA was collected using a QIAGEN miniprep kit
 * 3-way ligation of lac I promoter (BBa_R0011), RBS (BBa_B0034), and destination plasmid pSB3C5
 * The upstream part, lac I promoter, was digested with EcoRI and SpeI
 * The downstream part, RBS, was digested with XbaI and PstI
 * The Chloramphenicol bakcbone was digested with EcoRI and PstI
 * All digests were incubated for one hour at 37C followed by a 20 minute deactivation step at 80C
 * 4μl of each of the three digests were used in a final 20μl ligation reaction with a one hour incubation at root temperature, followed by a 20 minute deactivation step at 80C
 * The ligation was transformed into NEB10 cells and volumes of 10, 50, 100μl, and the rest was spread on LB plates containing Chloramphenicol (25μg/ml)
 * The plates were incubated overnight at 37C

Chris/Joey:

 * Run PCR for gel extraction to isolate 1kb fragment of Gene 3


 * Used QIAGEN Gel Cleanup kit for extraction


 * Gel extraction was unsuccessful, lost almost all the DNA in the process


 * Develop biobrick plant plasmid

Tony/Nick:

 * Minipreps from 3 way ligation (CCR2+2xTerm+I52001)ran on 1% agarose gel.
 * RE Digestion of 3 way to confirm insert
 * 3 way sequenced

Sheena:

 * Produced SH + Sucrose media (500mL + 500mL in seperate flasks)
 * pH was 5.76 and 5.64, respectively.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Screening of the 3-way ligation (lac promoter/RBS/backbone) colonies
 * 62 colonies were replica plated on LB-AMP and LB-chloramphenicol
 * Four selected colonies that only grew on LB-chloramphenicol were cultured in LB-Chloramphenicol (25μg/ml)
 * The DNA was collected using a QIAGEN miniprep kit and concentration was determined by the Nanodrop.
 * All six colonies were digested with EcoRI to linearize, expecting a fragment length of 2.7kb.
 * Digests were run on a 1% agarose gel along with uncut DNA. Three for the four colonies resulted in the correct band length.
 * DNA from two of the colonies was sent for sequencing at the Nevada Genomics center. Both colonies were sequenced in two directions using the Biobrick primers VF2 and VR.

Chris/Joey:

 * Make plates in prep for Transformation of gene 3 in pEntr D into E. Coli
 * Plates are LB - Kan
 * Carry out TOPO cloning Reaction for Transformation
 * Continue Development of Biobrick Plant Plasmid

Tony/Nick:

 * 4-coumarate: CoA Ligase (Gene 2) minipreped.
 * Gene 2 RE Digested to linearlize (SalI).

Sheena:

 * Transfered Callus Duckweed to new media.
 * Liquid media (original grown) were poured into autoclaved beakers under sterile hood, and then plants were transfered into fresh media using sterile spatula.
 * Solid media calli were transfered via sterile protocol (tweezers/forceps used to grip and transfer lemna to new plate). Unhealthy Lemna (yellow) were left in original plate media to grow for next two weeks.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Sequencing results of the 3-way ligation (lac/RBS/chloramphenicol backbone) resulted with the correct sequence
 * Bulk-up DNA of the 3-way ligation using the I, II, III miniprep protocol
 * Transformation of mutated AT4CL2 (4-Coumarate:CoA ligase 2) sent from Dr. Kombrink into DH5α

Chris/Joey:

 * Transformation of Gene 3 into Ecoli
 * Plate Control and Experimental samples
 * 12 Colonies grew - All will be minipreped
 * Miniprep the 12 Colonies using 1,2,3 Miniprep
 * Continue Development of Plant Biobrick Plasmid

Tony/Nick:

 * PCR pf Gene 2.

Sheena:

 * SH + Sucrose Duckweed Transfer
 * Transfered individual species of Lemna and Wolffia to 2 new plates each. Performed under sterile conditions, an original plate and a closed (left to grow for 2 more weeks in case of contamination to new plates) plate were kept for each specimen type (Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, and 2 species of Wolffia) while two new plates were acquired for each specimen type. Closed and original plates will be disposed of upon observation of healthy plates before next transfer.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Selected colonies of the AT4CL2 transformation were cultured in LB-Amp
 * DNA was collected using the QIAGEN miniprep kit
 * DNA was digested with PstI and Sal I
 * 3-way ligation of final construct (lac I promoter/RBS/Gene 3/terminator)
 * 500 ng of the upstream part, lac/RBS 3-way ligation, was digested with EcoRI and SpeI
 * 500ng of the downstream part, Gene 3/terminator 3-way ligation, was digested with XbaI and PstI
 * 500 ng of the high copy tetracylcine resistant backbone (pSB1AT3) was digested with EcoRI and PstI
 * All digest were incubated for an hour at 37C and deactivated for 20 minutes at 80C
 * 4μl of each of the digests was used for the ligation reaction
 * the ligation reaction was incubated at room temperature for 1 hour and deactivated for 20 minutes at 80C
 * The ligation was transformed into NEB10 competent cells and plated on LB-Tet

Chris/Joey:

 * Run Gel to Check Minipreps - Samples 2,4,5, and 6 will be checked by restriction digest
 * Restriction Digest of 2,4,5,and 6 with Sal 1 and Not 1 (Digest by Sal1 to linearize, digest by Sal1 and Not 1 to cut out insert)
 * Run Gel to check Digests
 * Samples 4, and 5 are not what we want
 * Samples 2, and 6 have the expected band size but the gene may be going into the vector in the wrong orientation
 * Restriction Digest of samples 2,6,7,8,9,10,11, and 12 (Double Digest: Sal1/Not1)

Tony/Nick:

 * 3 way ligation of (gene 2 + Lac/RBS + I52001 CPC BB)
 * 3 way ligation of (gene 3 + Lac/RBS + I52001 Tet BB)
 * 2 way ligation of (Gene 2 + I52001 CPC BB)

Sheena:

 * Calli and Liquid Transfer
 * Looked at Calli progress under microscope and took pictures in order to document. Transfered each calli (productive) to new plate. Also transfered the liquid media Lemna. Growth is plentiful an very successful on each specimen/sample).

Janice/Leigh:

 * Screening of the colonies from the 3-way final construct (promoter/RBS/Gene3/terminator)
 * Colonies were replica plated on LB-tetracycline and LB-chloramphenicol plates
 * Four of the six colonies grew only on the LB-tetracycline plates
 * The four colonies were digested with SalI and the digests were run on a 1% agarose gel
 * None of the digests resulted with the correct fragment lengths
 * Redo of the 3-way ligation final construct (promoter/RBS/Gene3/terminator)
 * Six colonies were replica plated on LB-tetracylcine and LB-chloramphenicol plates
 * Four colonies grew only on LB-tetracycline
 * DNA of the four colonies was collected using the QIAGEN miniprep kit
 * DNA was digested with EcoRI and run on a 1% agarose gel
 * DNA from four colonies was sent for sequencing to the Nevada Genomics Center using the Biobrick primers, VF2 and VR.

Chris/Joey:

 * Gel for Restriction Digests of pEntr Colonies 2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
 * Sample 7 Cut Correctly - Displaying 2.7kb band for the plasmid and 1kb band for the gene
 * Grow Cultures of pK7WG2D.1 binary vector
 * Miniprep pK7WG2D.1 using QIAquickspin protocol
 * Check minipreps on agarose gel - Successful

Tony/Nick:

 * Transformation of 3 way ligations, and 2 way ligation above into NEB 10.
 * RE Digestion of 3 way ligations, and 2 way ligation and ran on 1% agarose gel

Sheena:

 * Produced Liquid Media
 * pH was 5.62


 * SH Media Duckweed Transfer
 * Transfered Lemna and Wolffia to new plates via solid media transfer protocol.


 * Liquid Media and Calli Transfer
 * Transfered liquid media specimens and calli via protocol. One calli from last transfer was found contaminated, but only on one small area on side of plate, so I transfered that plate very last. Labeled the plate "contaminated" in an attempt to possibly salvage calli. If plate is again contaminated upon next transfer, the plate and its specimens will be disposed of.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Sequencing results returned did not contain the sequence of the final construct

Chris/Joey:

 * LR Clonase Reaction was carried out
 * LB- Spec plates were made in prep for transformation of LR Clonase Reaction
 * LR Clonase Reaction was transformed into DH5alpha Cells and plated (pUC19 Positive Control used)
 * 14 Colonies Grew on the plates

Sheena:

 * Lemna and Wolffia Transfer
 * Regular transfer of duckweed to SH + Sucrose media.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Re-do of the 3-way final construct: promoter/RBS/Gene 3/terminator
 * New Tetracycline stock and LB-tetracycline plates were prepared
 * Two colonies grew
 * Cultures were set for high-copy tetracycline backbone, low-copy tetracycline backbone, the two final construct colonies and the lac/RBS
 * DNA was digested and run on a 1% agarose gel
 * The two colonies of the final construct did not result with the correct size

Chris/Joey:

 * Made cultures of all 14 colonies for minipreps
 * Miniprep using QIAquickspin protocol
 * Run gel to check minipreps - Sample 7 Excluded from future Restriction Digests
 * Double digest of Minipreps 1-14 (excluding 7) using Spe1 and Sac2
 * Gel of Double Digests - Successful all colonies cut correctly.
 * Sending in for sequencing to further confirmation

Tony/Nick:

 * Minipreped 3 way ligations above, RE digested, and ran on 1% agarose Gel

Sheena:

 * Media Production
 * Produced 500mL of callus media and 1L of SH + Sucrose media. Labeled agar plates accordingly.
 * pH was 5.73 and 5.68, respectively.


 * Infection Media and Growth Media Production
 * Produced infection and growth mediums in preparation for wolfia transformations.
 * Acetocyringone was not yet added when making media and must still be added before agrobac. are added.


 * Calli Transfer
 * Contaminated plate was still contaminated and was, therefore, disposed of.
 * Transfered Lemna to new (fresh) media.

J/Tyler:

 * IPTG expression:
 * Transformation of E.coli BL21 strain with lacI-RBS-modified 4-coumarate:CoA ligase in an ampR plasmid vector (donated by Dr. Kombrink at the Max Planck Institute, Munchen, Germany) via heat shock protocol, sample was cultured o/n on LB-amp.
 * Culture was used to produce two 25mL culture flasks of LB-amp, each OD600~0.1. One culture was grown to OD600~0.5, at which point IPTG was added to 5mM.  Sample pellet was taken at t=0hr, and again at t=7.0hr.  The other culture was also pelleted for use as a non-induced control.  Pellets were stored at 0&#176;C.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Last attempt for 3-way ligation of lacI/RBS/Gene 3/term. Attempt was unsuccessful and the protocol will be revised, possibly using a 2-way ligation procedure.

Chris/Joey:

 * Nanodrop Minipreps of the 14 binary colonies (Successful around 200-400 ng/ul)
 * Pause to help with other constructs
 * Miniprep fresh Gene2/Terminator, RBS, an Gene3/Terminator samples for final 3-way attempt.

Tony/Nick:

 * 3 way ligation of (Gene 2 + RBS + I52001 Tet BackBone.)
 * Minipreped Janice and Leigh's Final Construct of (LacI/RBS + Gene 3 + 2x Term + I52001 TET BB).
 * RE Digestion (EcoRI/PstI) of (Gene 2 + 2x term + I52001 CPC BB).
 * RE Digestion (EcoRI/PstI) of (Gene 2 + RBS + I52001 Tet BB).

Sheena:

 * SH + Sucrose Media Transfer
 * Transfered Lemna and Wolffia to new SH + Sucrose agar plates. All looks healthy.


 * Liquid Media Transfer
 * Transfered Liquid Media specimens. Lemna looked fairly yellow over-all, so the healthier-looking green plants were picked out via forceps and placed in new liquid media. Otherwise, specimens are growing healthily.

Janice/Leigh:

 * Transformation of 2-way ligation into NEB10 competent Cells. 20 colonies were cultured for screening of the final construct.  Minipreps using the QIAGEN Miniprep Spin Kit resulted with insufficient DNA.

Chris/Joey/Tony:

 * Help with 2 way ligation of Gene3/term with Lac/RBS and Gene2/Term with Lac/RBS

Nick:

 * Worked on the Nevada Wiki
 * Updated the Parts Registry

Sheena:

 * Propagated the duckweed population by transferring the plants into new media. Callus induction maintained of Lemna minor.

J/Dr. Ellison:

 * Dismembrated transgenic E. coli from last month, as well as a wild-type culture for control--pelleted 25mL cultures were resuspended in 1mL 50mM sodium phosphate 200mM sodium chloride buffer, sonicated for 1 minute, then clarified by centrifugation
 * Purified transgenic E.coli extracts on a nickel column ("HiTrap nickel chelating column," GE Biosciences).
 * Performed protein concentration assays on clarified extracts and purified fractions by measuring absorbance at 280nm. Protein concentrations were determined to be as follows (in mg protein/mL solution):
 * Wild type clarified extract: 86.2
 * Uninduced transgenic culture clarified extract: 196.3
 * IPTG-induced transgenic culture clarified extract: 7.9
 * Purified IPTG-induced transgenic culture extract (most concentrated fraction): 0.65
 * Performed time-course kinetic assays of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase activity in the wild-type clarified extract, the uninduced transgenic culture clarified extract and the IPTG-induced transgenic culture clarified extract. Assay was performed as follows:
 * Assay mixture: 3.3mg trans-cinnamic acid dissolved in 50uL ethanol, 2.0mg coenzyme A and 6.9mg adenosine triphosphate were suspended in 10mL 50mM Tris buffer 2.5mM magnesium chloride, pH 7.5.
 * 50uL extract was added to 500uL assay mixture at room temperature in a quartz cuvette, and change in absorbance was measured at 311nm.
 * Assay results indicate that 4-coumarate:CoA ligase is constitutively expressed in transgenic E. coli BL21 strain cells despite lacI site regulation, and is not at all expressed in wild-type E. coli.
 * Ran a 12% SDS-PAGE of wild-type E. coli extract, uninduced transgenic E. coli extract and IPTG-induced transgenic E. coli extract
 * Results indicate that 4-coumarate:CoA ligase is expressed in transgenic cells regardless of induction, and not at all in wild-type cells. Unfortunately, the purified 4-coumarate:CoA ligase extract does not keep well in the freezer, so no activity was recorded for the nickel column eluent.

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