http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Cornell - Revision history2024-03-28T12:38:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=169939&oldid=prevBammarata89 at 20:00, 24 October 20102010-10-24T20:00:26Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project/Background|Background]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project/Background|Background]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project/Design|Design]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project/Design|Design]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Parts|Parts Submitted to the Registry]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Parts|Parts Submitted to the Registry]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:CUTeam.JPG|right|500px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:CUTeam.JPG|right|500px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The goal of our project is to create a whole cell cadmium biosensor by attaching cadmium responsive promoters in Bacillus subtilis to fluorescent reporter proteins. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of cadmium contaminated water can induce bone fractures and severe renal damage. Major sources of cadmium contamination include fertilizers, sewage sludge, manure and atmospheric deposition. Cadmium contaminated sewage is often used for irrigation purposes in many parts of the world, especially in developing nations. Crops grown in these contaminated soils are then sold in markets without any detoxification treatment. Current analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, though highly sensitive, are significantly more expensive than bacterial biosensors and are unable to measure the amount of bioavailable cadmium.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Bammarata89http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=168983&oldid=prevXingXiong at 03:52, 22 October 20092009-10-22T03:52:40Z<p></p>
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</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=167174&oldid=prevXingXiong: /* Project Abstract */2009-10-22T03:04:10Z<p><span class="autocomment">Project Abstract</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:CUTeam.JPG|right|500px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:CUTeam.JPG|right|500px]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Cd) </del>is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cd-</del>contaminated water can induce <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diarrhea, </del>severe <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vomiting</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bone fracture</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For instance, </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems </del>especially in developing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The goal of our project is </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">create a low-cost bio-sensor by using </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels </del>of cadmium <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The goal of our project is to create a whole cell cadmium biosensor by attaching cadmium responsive promoters in Bacillus subtilis to fluorescent reporter proteins. </ins>Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cadmium </ins>contaminated water can induce <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bone fractures and </ins>severe <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">renal damage. Major sources of cadmium contamination include fertilizers</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sewage sludge</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">manure </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">atmospheric deposition</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cadmium contaminated sewage is often used for irrigation purposes </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many parts </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">world</ins>, especially in developing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nations</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Crops grown in these contaminated soils are then sold in markets without any detoxification treatment. Current analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, though highly sensitive, are significantly more expensive than bacterial biosensors and are unable </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amount </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bioavailable </ins>cadmium.</div></td></tr>
</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=167024&oldid=prevBammarata89 at 02:59, 22 October 20092009-10-22T02:59:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Abstract=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:CUTeam.JPG|right|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bammarata89http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=166717&oldid=prevXingXiong at 02:53, 22 October 20092009-10-22T02:53:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project|The Project]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>!align="center"|[[Team:Cornell/Project|The Project]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td></tr>
</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=163838&oldid=prevBammarata89: /* Project Description */2009-10-22T01:37:10Z<p><span class="autocomment">Project Description</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Description</del>=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Abstract</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bammarata89http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=163541&oldid=prevXingXiong at 01:27, 22 October 20092009-10-22T01:27:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Description=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Description=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products. The goal of our project is to create a low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water. Since B. subtilis has genetic elements that naturally respond to different concentrations of metal ions, it is an excellent system to serve as our bio-sensor chassis.</div></td></tr>
</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=162983&oldid=prevXingXiong at 01:10, 22 October 20092009-10-22T01:10:40Z<p></p>
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</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=160339&oldid=prevXingXiong at 23:49, 21 October 20092009-10-21T23:49:31Z<p></p>
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</table>XingXionghttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Cornell&diff=153670&oldid=prevXingXiong: /* Project Description */2009-10-21T20:14:46Z<p><span class="autocomment">Project Description</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Description=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Project Description=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population. Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">especially in developing countries where there is little regulation of industrial waste products</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">goal of our project is to create </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">low-cost bio-sensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium </ins>in drinking water. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since B</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subtilis </ins>has <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">genetic elements that naturally respond </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different concentrations </ins>of metal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ions</ins>, it is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an excellent system to serve as our </ins>bio-sensor <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chassis</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Objective:==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The goal of our project is to create a low-cost biosensor by using the metal ion homeostasis system of Bacillus subtilis to quantify environmental levels of cadmium in drinking water.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Health Effects:==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which has no known biological function. Ingestion of Cd-contaminated water can induce diarrhea, severe vomiting, bone fracture, Itai-Itai disease, infertility, damage to the central nervous and immune systems, cancer development and ultimately death. For instance, in late 20th century Japan, cadmium contamination of water in the Jingzu River led to significant kidney problems and Itai-Itai bone disease in a fairly large population.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image:Itai_itai.png|right|middle|150px]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Level of danger:==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Of late, cadmium levels have been better controlled by industrial regulation, but it still poses formidable problems. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set cadmium level regulations at </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5µg/L </del>in drinking water. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Of the 1,669 hazardous waste sites on the EPA's National Priorities List (NPL), 1,014 contain cadmium</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Australian National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) </del>has <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ranked cadmium number 6 out of 400 of the most toxic substances based on health and environmental hazards and human and environmental exposure </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the substance. According to the NPI, Cd has a total hazard rating </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4.3 as compared to 2.8 for carbon monoxide and 4.0 for arsenic.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Current cadmium measurement techniques:==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an accurate way of determining heavy </del>metal <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concentration in a solution, however</del>, it is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bulky and more expensive than a bacterial </del>bio-sensor. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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</table>XingXiong