http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Groningen/Application - Revision history2024-03-29T05:42:03ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=154819&oldid=prevKbover at 20:53, 21 October 20092009-10-21T20:53:02Z<p></p>
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</table>Kboverhttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=153671&oldid=prevWilfred at 20:14, 21 October 20092009-10-21T20:14:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> <h2>Application</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> <h2>Application</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''The metal scavenger with a vertical gas drive is a modular system which contains five modules that are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interchangeble</del>; the transporter, an accumulation protein, a regulated promoter, a regulator and the gas vesicle cluster. The transporter imports the metal ion of choice. An accumulation protein facilitates accumulation of metal ions and prevents the cell from dying of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>metal toxicity. The imported metal ion also acts as a regulator for the metal sensitive promotor which activates the expression of the gvp-cluster. Thereby the recombinant bacterium with this system, accumulates metal and upon accumulation starts to float. Many applications are possible once the correct modules are selected. Water and sludge cleaning or mining of rare metals are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">som </del>examples. Also the ethical concerns of these applications should be considered.'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''The metal scavenger with a vertical gas drive is a modular system which contains five modules that are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interchangeable</ins>; the transporter, an accumulation protein, a regulated promoter, a regulator and the gas vesicle cluster. The transporter imports the metal ion of choice. An accumulation protein facilitates accumulation of metal ions and prevents the cell from dying of metal toxicity. The imported metal ion also acts as a regulator for the metal sensitive promotor which activates the expression of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>gvp<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>-cluster. Thereby the recombinant bacterium with this system, accumulates metal and upon accumulation starts to float. Many applications are possible once the correct modules are selected. Water and sludge cleaning or mining of rare metals are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some </ins>examples. Also the ethical concerns of these applications should be considered.'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bacteria which accumulate metal ions can be used to remove toxic metals or other contaminants from ground or surface water. This microbial [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/WholeSystem system] is described for scavenging of arsenite, copper and zinc. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bacteria which accumulate metal ions can be used to remove toxic metals or other contaminants from ground or surface water. This microbial [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/WholeSystem system] is described for scavenging of arsenite, copper and zinc. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An example where removal of arsenic from subsoil water by this organism could prevent serious poisoning of millions of people. In Bangladesh and other countries over ten million water pumps where installed, to improve personal hygiene but this raised a new problem. The unforeseen consequence was that, because the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groundwater </del>level dropped dramatically and the arsenic contamination in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">groundwater </del>began oxidizing. Chronic consumption of this water will lead to arsenic toxification. Arsenic causes swears caused necrosis of cell tissue because of disruption of the ATP production ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic wikipedia]). To prevent more people from arsenic poisoning, the arsenic concentration can be decreased by bacteria (containing the system as described before) and subsequently filtering these bacteria from the water, it can be consumed by individuals.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An example where removal of arsenic from subsoil water by this organism could prevent serious poisoning of millions of people. In Bangladesh and other countries over ten million water pumps where installed, to improve personal hygiene but this raised a new problem. The unforeseen consequence was that, because the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ground water </ins>level dropped dramatically and the arsenic contamination in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ground water </ins>began oxidizing. Chronic consumption of this water will lead to arsenic toxification. Arsenic causes swears caused necrosis of cell tissue because of disruption of the ATP production ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic wikipedia]). To prevent more people from arsenic poisoning, the arsenic concentration can be decreased by bacteria (containing the system as described before) and subsequently filtering these bacteria from the water, it can be consumed by individuals.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Arsenic is most prominently found in sub-soil water found as As(III) (anaerobic condition) and as As(V) in surface water (mildly aerobic condition). For humans the trivalent state was found to be most toxic. This is exactly the state which is most efficiently bound by [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Accumulation fMT] and transported by </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Arsenic is most prominently found in sub-soil water found as As(III) (anaerobic condition) and as As(V) in surface water (mildly aerobic condition). For humans the trivalent state was found to be most toxic. This is exactly the state which is most efficiently bound by [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Accumulation fMT] and transported by </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Transport GlpF].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Transport GlpF].</div></td></tr>
</table>Wilfredhttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=150430&oldid=prevKbover at 18:14, 21 October 20092009-10-21T18:14:34Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div title="Arsie Says UP TO ACCUMULATION" style="float:right" >{{linkedImage|Next.JPG</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Team:Groningen/Project/Transport</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></div></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Kboverhttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=148135&oldid=prevJolandaWitteveen at 16:29, 21 October 20092009-10-21T16:29:55Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Modular System==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|<html><style type</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"text/css"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The metal scavenger with a vertical gas drive is a modular system which contains five modules; the transporter, an accumulation protein, a regulated promoter, a regulator and the gas vesicle cluster. The transporter imports the metal ion of choice. An accumulation protein facilitates accumulation of metal ions and prevents the cell from dying of the metal toxicity. The imported metal ion also acts as a regulator for the metal sensitive promotor which activates the expression of the gvp-cluster. Thereby the recombinant bacterium with this system, accumulates metal and upon accumulation starts to float <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is convenient in bioremediation </del>or mining.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.intro { margin-left:0px; margin-top:10px; padding:10px; border-left:solid 5px #FFF6D5; border-right:solid 5px #FFF6D5; text-align:justify;background:#FFFFE5; }</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Application==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><div class</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"intro"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> <h2>Application</h2></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>The metal scavenger with a vertical gas drive is a modular system which contains five modules <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that are interchangeble</ins>; the transporter, an accumulation protein, a regulated promoter, a regulator and the gas vesicle cluster. The transporter imports the metal ion of choice. An accumulation protein facilitates accumulation of metal ions and prevents the cell from dying of the metal toxicity. The imported metal ion also acts as a regulator for the metal sensitive promotor which activates the expression of the gvp-cluster. Thereby the recombinant bacterium with this system, accumulates metal and upon accumulation starts to float<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Many applications are possible once the correct modules are selected. Water and sludge cleaning </ins>or mining <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of rare metals are som examples</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Also the ethical concerns of these applications should be considered.'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td></tr>
</table>JolandaWitteveenhttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=125693&oldid=prevJolandaWitteveen: /* Mining */2009-10-20T08:03:30Z<p><span class="autocomment">Mining</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery ([[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]]), but to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery ([[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]]), but to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig) could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td></tr>
</table>JolandaWitteveenhttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=120542&oldid=prevNienke: /* Mining */2009-10-19T19:30:35Z<p><span class="autocomment">Mining</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which for gold has been shown to be 70-80% </del>([[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]])<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery ([[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]])<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, but </ins>to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But </del>to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td></tr>
</table>Nienkehttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=120534&oldid=prevNienke: /* Mining */2009-10-19T19:29:35Z<p><span class="autocomment">Mining</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery, which for gold has been shown to be 70-80% [[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]]. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery, which for gold has been shown to be 70-80% <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>[[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>But to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>But to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</div></td></tr>
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</table>Nienkehttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=120531&oldid=prevNienke: /* Mining */2009-10-19T19:29:17Z<p><span class="autocomment">Mining</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Mining===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to the huge worldly consumption of crude oil there is a high probability that the fossil oil reserves will be exhausted within several decades, but this is not only the case for oil, also the reserves of rare metals are becoming less abundant. Therefore the mining yield should be increased to get as much of the desired metal out of the ore as possible. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For mining of copper and gold a metal oxidizing bacteria species called, ''Thiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is already being used for over 10 years. This bacterium gains energy by oxidizing insoluble sulfides of metals like copper, gold, lead, zinc, nickel and even uranium to soluble sulfides. This causes an improved recovery, which for gold has been shown to be 70-80% [[Team:Groningen/Literature#Rawlings1994|Rawlings 1994]]. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">But to increase the yield and specificity a genetically engineered system could be used. Therefore a robust bacterium like the thermophilic ''Thermus thermophilus'' or the radiation resistant ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' (or a species which allows easier clonig)could be used. The transporter and metallothionein for specific import and sequestering of the rare metal, should be overexpressed. For these low concentrations the kock-out of the exporter of that metal would be required. But then finally, what keeps us from mining gold from the oceans or deserted mines to collect what was first impossible to extract!?</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Ethical concerns==</div></td></tr>
</table>Nienkehttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=118470&oldid=prevNienke: /* Water Cleaning */2009-10-19T15:07:32Z<p><span class="autocomment">Water Cleaning</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Water Cleaning===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bacteria which accumulate metal ions can be used to remove toxic metals or other contaminants from ground or surface water. This microbial [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/WholeSystem system] is described for scavenging of arsenite, copper and zinc. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bacteria which accumulate metal ions can be used to remove toxic metals or other contaminants from ground or surface water. This microbial [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/WholeSystem system] is described for scavenging of arsenite, copper and zinc. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An example where removal of arsenic from subsoil water by this organism could prevent serious poisoning of millions of people. In Bangladesh and other countries over ten million water pumps where installed, to improve personal hygiene but this raised a new problem. The unforeseen consequence was that, because the groundwater level dropped dramatically and the arsenic contamination in the groundwater began oxidizing. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arsenic toxification was caused by dinking </del>this water <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for a few decades</del>. Arsenic causes swears caused <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by </del>disruption of the ATP production<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which leads to necrosis </del>([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic wikipedia]). To prevent more people from arsenic poisoning, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contamination </del>can be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">absorbed </del>by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>bacteria (containing the system as described before) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">after </del>filtering these bacteria from the water, it can be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">used </del>by individuals.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An example where removal of arsenic from subsoil water by this organism could prevent serious poisoning of millions of people. In Bangladesh and other countries over ten million water pumps where installed, to improve personal hygiene but this raised a new problem. The unforeseen consequence was that, because the groundwater level dropped dramatically and the arsenic contamination in the groundwater began oxidizing. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chronic consumption of </ins>this water <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will lead to arsenic toxification</ins>. Arsenic causes swears caused <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">necrosis of cell tissue because of </ins>disruption of the ATP production ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic wikipedia]). To prevent more people from arsenic poisoning, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">arsenic concentration </ins>can be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">decreased </ins>by bacteria (containing the system as described before) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subsequently </ins>filtering these bacteria from the water, it can be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consumed </ins>by individuals<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arsenic is most prominently found in sub-soil water found as As(III) (anaerobic condition) and as As(V) in surface water (mildly aerobic condition). For humans the trivalent state was found to be most toxic. This is exactly the state which is most efficiently bound by [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Accumulation fMT] and transported by </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://2009.igem.org/Team:Groningen/Project/Transport GlpF]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sludge Cleaning===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sludge Cleaning===</div></td></tr>
</table>Nienkehttp://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Application&diff=118414&oldid=prevNienke: /* Sludge Cleaning */2009-10-19T14:59:26Z<p><span class="autocomment">Sludge Cleaning</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to application of sewage sludge and industrial sludge into environmental soil, toxic metals accumulates in river sludge and soil. This contaminated soil is usually "diluted" with uncontaminated soil to decrease the concentration of metals below the maximum allowable concentration. But by consumption of vegetables cultivated on these soil or meat from cattle that pastured on these fields, the concentration of these toxic compounds will increase in higher organisms. A bacterium that is able to absorb and encapsulate metals and that floats, would be able to separate the metals and the sediment. It would be enough to simply put the bacteria and the sediment in large container stir them together and let the cleaned sediment sink and scoop of the floating metal filled bacteria. Such a purification plant would look similar like the sewage disposal plants that we use today. Simply inject the bacteria in the sediment, the bacteria full of metals will start floating to the surface and they can readily be collected by floaters, such as the ones which are now used to collect oil pollution from the sea.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Due to application of sewage sludge and industrial sludge into environmental soil, toxic metals accumulates in river sludge and soil. This contaminated soil is usually "diluted" with uncontaminated soil to decrease the concentration of metals below the maximum allowable concentration <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(10ppb (µg/L))</ins>. But by consumption of vegetables cultivated on these soil or meat from cattle that pastured on these fields, the concentration of these toxic compounds will increase in higher organisms. A bacterium that is able to absorb and encapsulate metals and that floats, would be able to separate the metals and the sediment. It would be enough to simply put the bacteria and the sediment in large container stir them together and let the cleaned sediment sink and scoop of the floating metal filled bacteria. Such a purification plant would look similar like the sewage disposal plants that we use today. Simply inject the bacteria in the sediment, the bacteria full of metals will start floating to the surface and they can readily be collected by floaters, such as the ones which are now used to collect oil pollution from the sea.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
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</table>Nienke