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Modeling bacteria behaviour and Bacteriophage infection using Cellular Automata

Contents

• Cellular Automata
• Design
• The Algorithm
• Simulations
• References

Cellular Automata

A cellular automaton is discrete dynamical system: a grid in a n-dimensional space in which each cell has one of a finite number of states, say on and off. The state for a given cell at time t is a function of it’s own state and the states of its neighbours at time t-1.
As time advances in discrete steps, the system evolves according to universal laws. Every time the clock ticks, the cells update their states simultaneously.
Cellular Automaton can simulate continuous physical systems described by Partial Differential Equations (PDE) .

The evolution in time depends on the rules that you define, in fact you can define any rule you want and you will get amazing and funny patterns.

It has been proved that a CA can be a Universal Turing Machine, in fact different CA are used to make a wide variety of computations. You can simulate a lot of different complex systems using a CA and you can also see emergence of complex behaviour by defining simple rules in a CA ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life | Game Of Life]) .

If we think of the cells in the grid as if they were biological cells we can simulate a population of bacteria, tissue growth, swarming etc. With our Cellular Automata we are going to simulate the behaviour of the whole infection process, it is the final step in our multi-scale model.

Design

Comparision between E. Coli micrography and a simulation of duplication and movement in the CA.

We will use the word cell for the elements of the grid in the automaton and the word bacterium for E coli.
The state of the cells in the CA is an array of integers representing different parameters.

CA[i,j] =[s, d, l, r, i, lt, bs, np, ahl]

s = 1 if there is a bacteria in this cell 0 otherwise.
d = direction [1, 2, ... 8] (random variable)
l = persistence time REFERENCE
r = time until duplication (random variable)
i = infection state. 1 if infected 0 otherwise.
lt = time until lysis (random variable).
bs= Burst Size, amount of phages an infected bacteria will produce (random variable)
np= number of phages.

        ahl= AHL concetration.

        

We sample indexes of the rows and columns in the grid at random and then we iterate in that order, thus we have a random sampling without replacement that require only 2n random numbers instead of <math>n^2</math>.

Since infected E. Coli will produce AHL we need to simulate diffussion. Suceptible E. Coli will measure AHL concentration in its local enviroment, AHL will activate antisense RNA against T7's DNA polimerase. Diffusion is simulated using discrete version of[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_law_of_diffusion Flick's second law]
. The rate of AHL production and the amount of AHL infected E. Coli will produce before lysis can be estimated using the results of the Stochastic Molecular Simulations.
The antisense RNA will change the molecular dynamics inside the cell and it will delay the phage production, we can

For each time tick: sample at random the cells in the CA and check if there is a bacterium, if so:

   *Check if it should duplicate, change direction or move. 

   *We also have phages in the grid so we need to check for infections on each iteration: if there are phages in a cell 
    occupied by a bacterium this will become infected with some fixed probability. 

   *If a bacterium is infected and is time for lysis it will release new phages to the CA cell, this number is sampled 
    from the  Burst Size Distribution generated by the [[Team:LCG-UNAM-Mexico:Molecular 
    model | Stochastic Molecular Simulations]].

   *Diffuse AHL

   *Update CA State

The Algorithm

This pseudo code is a simplified version of the Matlab script we implemented which is available at request.
To implement the algorithm we used two CA data structures but for simplicity we present here all the operations on a single CA object.

Comments start with     //

For each cell in the CA sampled at random*:

//Infection

       if   np>0 and runif(0,1)<infectionProb

               //bacteria becomes infected.

i = 1;     

               bs= sampleBurstSizeDistribution();

               lt = sampleLysisTimeDistribution();

                //bacterium cannot duplicate or move anymore.

               r = l = NULL;

               continue;

       //For Infected Bacteria:

       elseif i==1

               if lt==0  //Is time for lysis?.

                       //number of phages at t-1 plus those produced by

//the bacterium.

np += bs;   

s=0; //bacterium death.

               else

                       lt--;

               continue;

//Duplication.

elseif r ==0

               if checkForAvailableSpace(neighbourhood_ij) == TRUE

                       duplicate;

               sampleDuplicationTimeDistribution();

               set r for the new bacteria;

               continue;

       //Change Direction

       elseif l==0

               d=randomSample([1,2,..,8]);

               r=r-1;   l =persistence_time;

       //Movement.        

       else                

//check if the space the bacterium is moving towards //is empty.

               (New_i  New_j) = checkForSpace(i.j,d)

               r--; l--;

               //move bacterium

CA[New_i, New_j ]= CA[i ,j];

//Bacterium left an empty space in the CA.

CA[i,j]= [ 0 ];

end

Simulations

Cellular Automata Output Left-Up: bacteria representation the state is indicated by the color. Right-Up: Bacteria Growth Curve, population size is relative to the charge capacity. Left-Down: AHL concentration in enviroment. Right-Down: Phage Growth Curve. Image was captured at time = 208 min. Grid Size = 100x100

Here are examples of the CA's output. The figure shows the CA, the bacteria population size, AHL concentration in the xy plane and the population size of phages. With this ouput we can see the evolution of the system (see video).

The main goal of the Cellular Automata was to assemble the information contained in the Molecular Distributions (particularly the BSD with a population simulation in order to observe the behaviour of the system under different conditions. The experimental work with T7 LAURAAA and the CA show the same overall behaviour.

By changing the initial conditions and parameters on the CA we can simulate a wide range of bacteriophage infection processes. Even when the CA was designed to work by sampling a set of given distributions (Burst Size and duplication time) it's always possible to work with constant values.

References

1. Brinch Hansen, 1993 Parallel Cellular Automata: A Model Program for Computational Science.
   
2. Harvey. Parameters of the Generation Time Distribution. 1971
   
3. Lee et. al. 1995. A Cellular Automaton Model for the Proliferation of Migrating Contact-Inhibited Cells.
   
4. Von Neumann, J. 1966. Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata.
   
5. Plank and Harvey. Generation Time Statistics of Escherichia Coli B Measured by Synchronous Culture Techniques.1979
   
6. Wolfram. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ElementaryCellularAutomaton.html. 2009
   
7. Yin, Evolution of Bacteriophage T7 in a growing plate. 1992.
   
8. Yin, Replication of viruses in a growing plaque: a reaction-diffusion model.
   
9. Yin,Amplification and Spread of Viruses in a Growing Plaque. 1999
   

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