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Team:Tsinghua/Background
From 2009.igem.org
Contents |
Background
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is defined as the introduction of genes into tissues or cells via gene transfer, with the purpose of deriving a therapeutic or preventative benefit from the function of these genes. It is the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease, such as a hereditary disease in which a deleterious mutant allele is replaced with a functional one[1]. Although the technology is still in its infancy, it is one of the most promising and active research fields in medicine[1,2]. Antisense therapy is not strictly a form of gene therapy, but is a genetically-mediated therapy and is often considered together with other methods[1].
Vectors in Gene Therapy
Despite substantial progress, a number of key technical issues need to be resolved before gene therapy can be safely and effectively applied in the clinic, and an ideal gene delivery vector is one of the bottlenecks in gene therapy application[3]. Generally, vectors applied in gene therapy can be classified into viral or non-viral.
Viral Methods
All viruses bind to their hosts and introduce their genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. This genetic material contains basic 'instructions' of how to produce more copies of these viruses, hijacking the body's normal production machinery to serve the needs of the virus[1].
Adenovirus.
Adeno-associated virus.
Retroviruses.
Non-Viral Methods
Non-viral methods present certain advantages over viral methods, with simple large scale production and low host immunogenicity being just two. Previously, low levels of transfection and expression of the gene held non-viral methods at a disadvantage; however, recent advances in vector technology have yielded molecules and techniques with transfection efficiencies similar to those of viruses[1].
Naked DNA.
Oligonucleotides.
Lipoplexes and polyplexes.
Frontiers in Gene Therapy Research
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPS) and Gene Delivery System
In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka et al showed that mouse embryonic and adult fbroblasts acquire properties similar to those of embryonic stem (ES) cells after retrovirally introducing genes encoding four transcription factors, namely Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (known as iPS). In 2007, mouse and human iPS cells were generated[4].
In 2008, Qiao Zhou et al identify a specific combination of three transcription factors (Ngn3, Pdx1 and Mafa) that reprograms differentiated pancreatic exocrine cells in adult mice into cells that closely resemble beta-cells. These reprogrammed cells express genes essential for b-cell function and can ameliorate hyperglycaemia by remodelling local vasculature and secreting insulin. This approach implies a promising application of reprogramming on diabetes therapy[5].
The booming research on iPS and the subsequent in vivo reprogramming implicate an enormous future. In addition to the obstacles of transformation risks and low efficiency, specifically delivering certain transcription factors into the targeted cells is another problem before the medical and pharmaceutical applications of reprogramming.
Therapeutic microRNA Delivery
Therapeutic strategies based on modulation of microRNA (miRNA) activity hold great promise due to the ability of these small RNAs to potently influence cellular behavior[6].
Cancer Gene Therapy
As a primary threat of human health, cancer causes about 13% of all human deaths[7]. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007[8]. Current treatments often have far reaching negative side effects[9]. The systemic toxicity of chemotherapy regimens still often result in acute and delayed nausea, mouth ulcerations and mild cognitive impairments[10].
References
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy
[2] SM Selkirk. Gene therapy in clinical medicine. Postgraduate Medical Journal.2004;80:560-570; doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.017764
[3] RC Mulligan. The basic science of gene therapy. Science, 1993, Vol 260, Issue 5110, 926-932.
[4] Shinya Yamanaka. A Fresh Look at iPS Cells. Cell (2009), 137:13-17.
[5]Qiao Zhou, Juliana Brown, Andrew Kanarek, Jayaraj Rajagopa and Douglas A. Melton. In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature (2008), 455:627-633.
[6] Janaiah Kota, Raghu R. Chivukula, Kathryn A. O’Donnell, Erik A. Wentzel, Chrystal L. Montgomery, Hun-Way Hwang, Tsung-Cheng Chang, Perumal Vivekanandan, Michael Torbenson, K. Reed Clark, Jerry R. Mendell,and Joshua T. Mendell. Therapeutic microRNA Delivery Suppresses Tumorigenesis in a Murine Liver Cancer Model. Cell. 2009, 137. 1005–1017.
[7] WHO (February 2006). "Cancer". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
[8] American Cancer Society (December 2007). "Report sees 7.6 million global 2007 cancer deaths". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1633064920071217. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
[9] Peter Sinnaeve, Olivier Varenne, Désiré Collen, and Stefan Janssens. Gene therapy in the cardiovascular system: an update. Cardiovasc Res, Dec 1999; 44: 498 - 506.
[10] Chemotherapy and you: A guide to self-help during cancer treatment. National Institutes of Health Web site. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/PDF/b21d0a74-b477-41ec-bdc0-a60bbe527786/chemoandyou.pdf. Accessed July 31, 2006.
Diagram Ref
[1]http://images.google.cn/imglanding?imgurl=http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/images/Gene_therapy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/michael/blog/%3Fp%3D455&usg=__jvPXcCSXLCqT6xsyFwq5NQfjJE0%3D&h=371&w=495&sz=56&hl=zh-CN&um=1&tbnid=FfNmLhJhG4h7NM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgene%2Btherapy%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1%26newwindow%3D1&q=gene+therapy&sa=N&um=1&newwindow=1&start=0#start=0
[2]http://images.google.cn/imglanding?imgurl=http://www.nature.com/mt/journal/v11/n3/images/mt200545f1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nature.com/mt/journal/v11/n3/fig_tab/mt200545f1.html&usg=__16PMODxAS0ot0uFh5qHjoNgcvmE%3D&h=443&w=739&sz=215&hl=zh-CN&um=1&tbnid=b9vKbApcf9TRPM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=141&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLipoplexes%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26um%3D1%26newwindow%3D1&q=Lipoplexes&um=1&newwindow=1&start=0#start=0
[3]william e Lowry & Kathrin Plath. The many ways to make an iPS cell. Nature, 26:1246-1248.
