http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&feed=atom&action=history
Team:Freiburg bioware/Human Practice/Ethics - Revision history
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http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=169520&oldid=prev
Caro at 09:54, 17 November 2009
2009-11-17T09:54:38Z
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Caro
http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=169518&oldid=prev
Caro at 09:51, 17 November 2009
2009-11-17T09:51:11Z
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Caro
http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=169517&oldid=prev
Caro at 09:50, 17 November 2009
2009-11-17T09:50:16Z
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Caro
http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=169514&oldid=prev
Caro at 09:21, 17 November 2009
2009-11-17T09:21:21Z
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Caro
http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=155426&oldid=prev
Maximi at 21:15, 21 October 2009
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Maximi
http://2009.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_bioware/Human_Practice/Ethics&diff=148799&oldid=prev
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"<br />
align="center"><b><span<br />
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Benefit<br />
and Risk Perception of Synthetic Biology by Laymen in Various Countries<br />
<br /><br />
A Survey by the &ldquo;international Genetically Engineered<br />
Machine&rdquo; <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"<br />
align="center"><b><span<br />
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">(iGEM)<br />
Team Freiburg 2009</span></b><b style=""><span<br />
style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span style=""><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span style=""><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In the<br />
course of the &ldquo;international Genetically Engineered<br />
Machines&rdquo; (iGEM)<br />
competition, the Freiburg team conducted a survey to discover the<br />
general<br />
population&acute;s opinion on genetic engineering and synthetic<br />
biology. To obtain a<br />
global perspective, the survey was conducted in 13 countries across the<br />
world. Our<br />
aim was to collect opinions from laymen who do not study biology and<br />
are not involved<br />
in biological research. Altogether, 306 people between 15 and 80 years<br />
were interviewed<br />
in their mother tongue with five questions concerning the relation of<br />
synthetic<br />
biology to health, food, risks, prospects and ethical-moral worries.<br />
Overall, a<br />
huge lack of understanding about gene technology and synthetic biology<br />
was<br />
observed in every country. A negative, skeptical, and incredulous<br />
outlook over<br />
the potential benefits of synthetic biology became apparent, especially<br />
concerning genetically-modified food. In contrast, people have notable<br />
confidence in gene technology concerning medical research and the<br />
contribution<br />
of synthetic biology to environmental and energy problems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Synthetic<br />
Biology is the standardized, modularized design of biological<br />
systems and organisms with help from standardized<br />
&ldquo;BioBricks&rdquo; involving several<br />
scientific disciplines. Based on the principles of genetic engineering,<br />
it has<br />
been steadily growing and has become its own discipline distinct from<br />
conventional biotechnology. The worldwide interconnection between<br />
different<br />
countries and cultures is higher than ever before. Thus, problems such<br />
as<br />
climate change, epidemics, pollution and starvation are becoming<br />
globally<br />
recognized issues. Modern research in genetic engineering tries to find<br />
possible solutions to special aspects of these difficulties. However,<br />
these<br />
technologies raise ethical and moral worries and important questions<br />
about its<br />
challenges and limits. A survey was conducted to determine whether the<br />
perception<br />
of new technologies such as genetic technology and synthetic biology is<br />
influenced by the nationality of laymen not familiar with the topic. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Survey<br />
and Results<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Because we were<br />
highly interested in the opinions of persons from<br />
different countries, we tried to interview the majority of people in<br />
their<br />
country of origin. In total 306 persons were interviewed with at least<br />
20<br />
persons per country (Fig. 1). In order to interview the persons of<br />
interest in<br />
their proper language, the questionnaires were translated into Chinese,<br />
English, French, German, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese, Italian,<br />
Japanese and<br />
Russian (Pdf files 1-10).<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In the case of<br />
the Bahamas, Brazil, England, France, Germany, Italy,<br />
Spain and the USA, almost all investigations were carried out directly<br />
in the<br />
respective countries of interest. People were interviewed at public<br />
locations<br />
such as pedestrian areas, bus stops, shopping centers, university<br />
campuses etc,<br />
or in a few cases, by telephone calls. People from China, Japan,<br />
Romania,<br />
Russia and the Ukraine were interviewed via the internet using such<br />
methods as<br />
e-mail, Skype etc. or telephone calls (Fig. 11). <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In general, the<br />
five questions regarding gene technology and moral<br />
issues were read to the person who chose one of three possible answers<br />
(yes,<br />
no, or I don&acute;t know). Afterwards, the interviewees had the<br />
chance to add<br />
personal comments and ideas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">To get a better<br />
idea of the demographics of the interviewees, each person<br />
was asked for their sex (Fig. 8), age (Fig. 7), actual residence (Fig.<br />
10), and<br />
occupation. Occupations were later classified into different categories<br />
including pupil, science student, humanities student, scientific<br />
employee, and<br />
non-scientific employee (Fig. 9). Data (pdf file 11) were collected and<br />
analyzed with Excel.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br /><br />
</div><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 780px; height: 335px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2009/c/cd/Freiburg09_Number_Persons_Country.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><small><small><span<br />
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure<br />
1: Total number of interviewees per country.</span></small></small></td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/f/f2/Freiburg_09_Question1.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span<br />
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><small>Figure<br />
2: Percentages of interviewee responses to the question: &ldquo;In<br />
case of severe<br />
disease, would you take drugs produced by means of gene<br />
technology?&rdquo; Blue<br />
indicates a positive response, red a negative and green<br />
indifference/ignorance.</small></span></div><br />
<span<br />
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><br />
</span></td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2009/9/97/Freiburg09_Question2.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 3:<br />
Percentages of interviewee responses to the question: &ldquo;What<br />
do<br />
you think about genetically modified food?<span style="">&nbsp;<br />
</span>Would you by such food?&rdquo; Blue indicates a<br />
positive response, red a<br />
negative and green indifference/ignorance.<span style="">&nbsp;<br />
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/e/e2/Freiburg_09_Question3.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 4:<br />
Percentages of interviewee responses to the question: &ldquo;Do you<br />
believe that synthetic biology can solve problems concerning energy,<br />
production<br />
and health?&rdquo; Blue indicates a positive response, red a<br />
negative and green<br />
indifference/ignorance.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/1/1f/Freiburg_09_Question4.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 5:<br />
Percentages of interviewee responses to the question: &ldquo;Do you<br />
believe that synthetic biology is a risk for health and<br />
environment?&rdquo; Blue<br />
indicates a positive response, red a negative and green<br />
indifference/ignorance.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/8/87/Freiburg_09_Question5.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 6:<br />
Percentages of interviewee responses to the question: &ldquo;Do you<br />
have ethical-moral concerns regarding gene technology?&rdquo; Blue<br />
indicates a<br />
positive response, red a negative and green indifference/ignorance.<span<br />
style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/c/ce/Freiburg_09_Age_Pattern_of_Interviewees.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 7: Age<br />
demographics of interviewees divided into decades starting<br />
at 15 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/a/ab/Freiburg_09_Male_Female_Distribution.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 8:<br />
Gender demographics of interviewees, percentage male or<br />
female.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/4/40/Freiburg_09_Occupation.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 9:<br />
Professional categories of interviewees. Raw data was divided<br />
into six groups: pupil, sciences student, sciences employee,<br />
non-science<br />
employee, and unknown. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/3/39/Freiburg_09_Residence.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 10:<br />
Percentage of current residence of interviewees at time of<br />
interview. Categories include located in the country of origin, located<br />
in Germany<br />
in the course of exchange, or located in Germany with immigrant status.<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<table<br />
style="width: 750px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tbody><br />
<tr align="center"><br />
<td><img alt=""<br />
src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/8/8d/Freiburg_09_Interview_Type.jpg" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<div style="text-align: right;"> <span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Figure 11:<br />
Percentage of interviews performed by personal interview,<br />
telephone call, or internet correspondence. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</tbody><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In the case of<br />
endangered health, 73% of interviewees would take drugs<br />
produced by means of gene technology (Fig.2). The highest positive<br />
response was<br />
observed in Italy, Spain, Romania, and the USA with over 70%. The<br />
largest negative<br />
response was found in the Bahamas with more than 60%. It was observed<br />
that the<br />
expression &ldquo;severe disease&rdquo; often pushed people to<br />
answer yes, even if the idea<br />
of gene technology derived medication was generally mistrusted. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Only 20% of the<br />
interviewees responded that they would buy genetically-modified<br />
food (Fig.3). Frequently mentioned reasons for this opinion were: i)<br />
unknown<br />
consequences for human health such as cancer or allergies ii) threat to<br />
&ldquo;natural&rdquo; biotopes and plant species, iii) loss of<br />
flavor and lack of need for<br />
such genetic modifications, because all essential food is already<br />
present on<br />
earth. The most prominent populations against the marketing of<br />
genetically-modified<br />
food are the Bahamians with 100%, and the Germans with 90%. In Germany<br />
the<br />
motivation to choose &ldquo;bio&rdquo; or<br />
&ldquo;eco&rdquo; products instead of genetically-modified or<br />
treated products was frequently observed. In general many people are<br />
afraid<br />
that conventional food will be suppressed by genetic modified food and<br />
prices<br />
will skyrocket. The nutrition of the Romanian population is still based<br />
on home<br />
farming and traditional agricultural products. This is presumed to be<br />
the<br />
reason why most of the people do not want to eat artificially modified<br />
food and<br />
therefore become dependent on the countries selling genetically<br />
engineered<br />
seeds. In the USA most of the people do not like the idea of<br />
genetically<br />
modified food either. However, they buy it because it is generally<br />
accepted and<br />
consequently not well labeled as such. The USA is one of the leading<br />
countries<br />
for &ldquo;Green Gene Technology&rdquo;. An astounding 40% of<br />
the cultivatable land is used<br />
for <i style="">RoundupReady</i>-Soy (RR-Soy),<br />
which<br />
was first introduced by Monsantos in 1996. It contains a modified gene<br />
that<br />
makes it resistant against the herbicide Roundup, in order to be<br />
treated but<br />
not damaged by this herbicide. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">A positive 48%<br />
of the interviewees believe that with the help of synthetic<br />
biology problems such as energy, production and environmental pollution<br />
can be<br />
solved (Fig.4). Over 70% of the people interviewed in Brazil and the<br />
USA were convinced<br />
of this fact. However, the same portion of the interviewees thinks that<br />
gene<br />
technology bears a risk for the environment and health (Fig.5). The<br />
interviewed<br />
citizens from the Bahamas, France and Germany turned out to be the most<br />
critical. Further research could be improved by de-polarizing the<br />
questions as<br />
many people claimed that gene technology was not so clear cut. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Over 70% of<br />
interviewees asked in Germany and China and over 60% of the<br />
Bahamas and France have ethical and moral concerns regarding gene<br />
technology<br />
(figure 6). Most people are afraid of discrimination by health<br />
insurances and<br />
employers due to possible distribution of personal genome information.<br />
In<br />
addition, many fear the extent of human genome intervention and the<br />
discrepancy<br />
of treatment available to different social classes. In contrast, others<br />
believe<br />
that humans have always been altering nature to their advantage, from<br />
dog<br />
breeding to crop enhancement, and that gene technology is merely a<br />
natural step<br />
in this progression.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The answer<br />
&ldquo;I don&rsquo;t know&rdquo; was often chosen because<br />
the interviewees had<br />
no background knowledge about the topic and were therefore not familiar<br />
with<br />
risks and chances or prospects of the topic. It is important to note<br />
that due<br />
to the limited number of interviewed persons, the results show a trend<br />
but<br />
cannot be interpreted as representative for the country&acute;s<br />
population.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b<br />
style=""><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Ultimately, an<br />
overall negative, skeptical, and incredulous outlook over<br />
the potential benefits of synthetic biology became apparent. Our<br />
international<br />
survey about the perceptions of risks and benefits of gene technology<br />
from<br />
laymen not involved in gene technology shows similar trends for almost<br />
all<br />
countries. The marketing of genetically modified food is in general not<br />
appreciated. Ethical- moral doubts are concerned mainly with<br />
interventions occurring<br />
in the natural genome of human beings. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">The high<br />
percentage of &ldquo;I don&acute;t know&rdquo; answers (24%<br />
on average) shows a<br />
huge lack and the incomplete understanding of gene technology among<br />
laymen in<br />
every country. Such misunderstanding could potentially lead to both<br />
real and<br />
unfounded fears about the risks of such technology.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span<br />
style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">In contrast,<br />
people have notable confidence in gene technology<br />
concerning medical research and the contribution of synthetic biology<br />
to<br />
environmental and energy problems. This supports the conclusion that<br />
the<br />
maintenance of human health and the ability to heal diseases is one of<br />
the most<br />
important issues the world is facing today. Gene therapy, a method that<br />
tries<br />
to replace defective genes with functional ones, could be an important<br />
step in providing<br />
therapy for currently untreatable genetic diseases. Our project,<br />
&ldquo;universal<br />
programmable restriction enzyme,&rdquo; will help to streamline new<br />
therapies in gene<br />
therapy and to realize a new standard of healthcare.</span></p><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><br />
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style="text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;">Questionnaires:</p><br />
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