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Team:Valencia/Modelling
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== '''Modelling''' == | == '''Modelling''' == | ||
| - | + | <span style="color:black; align:justify; font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana"> | |
| - | <span style="color:black; align:justify; font-size:10pt; font-family: Verdana"> | + | Our aim in this part of the Project is the development of a model which describes how intracellular calcium concentration changes in time when we apply electrical stimulation, this is, a potential difference across the plasma membrane. We have considered very interesting to make different approaches to this problem: on the one hand, a deterministic model of the calcium influx through the voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) of excitable cells (neurons and muscle cells) and yeasts -based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model modified by Yamada et al [ISBN:0262111330]-, and, on the other hand, we have included stochastic methods for a further study of these gates, particularly of its activation/inactivation. We are working hard to offer you this model in an easy and clear way, also trying to allow you to interact with the system. |
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<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
| - | * | + | *'''What are VDCCs?''' |
| - | + | Living cells are surrounded by semipermeable membranes containing specialized proteins providing for exchange of various atoms and molecules between extracellular and intracellular spaces. Two basic mechanisms of <b>transmembrane transport</b> have been recognized: carriers and channels. | |
[[Image:V_VDCCs.gif|300px|center]] | [[Image:V_VDCCs.gif|300px|center]] | ||
| - | + | Carriers, such as the Ca<sup>2+</sup> pump, Na<sup>+</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger, or Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> pump, transport ions against concentration and/or electrical gradients are coupled to metabolic energy consumption. Membrane <b>channels</b> are viewed as pores, which, when opened, allow passive transport downhill the electric and/or concentration gradients. Opening of a channel can be accomplished in two ways:<br> | |
| - | # | + | #by binding of a specific ligand either directly to the channel or to another membrane protein coupled to the channel <br> |
| - | # | + | #by a change in <b>transmembrane voltage</b>. |
| - | + | The first pathway is characteristic for ligand-gated channels, such as the glutamate or acetylcholine receptors. The second pathway activates the so-called <b>voltage-gated channels</b>. The foundation of biophysical analyses of voltage-gated ion channels was laid in the pioneering works of <b>Hodgkin and Huxley</b> in the 1930s and culminated in the 1950s by formulating the Hodgkin-Huxley model of action potential (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952 [PMC1392413]). <br> | |
<b>Voltage-gated calcium channels</b> were first identified by Fatt and Katz (1953) [PMC1366030] in crustacean muscle. Then it was discovered that there are different channel subtypes in excitable cells and, some years later, it was accepted that there are analog calcium channels in yeast plasma membrane. | <b>Voltage-gated calcium channels</b> were first identified by Fatt and Katz (1953) [PMC1366030] in crustacean muscle. Then it was discovered that there are different channel subtypes in excitable cells and, some years later, it was accepted that there are analog calcium channels in yeast plasma membrane. | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
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| - | * | + | *'''Modelling Ionic Current Flow through VDCCs'''<br> |
| - | + | If we assume that the whole calcium currents occur through this calcium channels and that the instantaneous current-voltage relation is linear, we can describe the ionic current <i>I<sub>Ca</sub></i> by the Ohm's law:<br> | |
[[Image:eq1.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq1.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | Where <i>g</i> is the conductance associated with the channel, <i>V</i> is the transmembrane potential and <i>E<sub>Ca</sub></i> is the Nerst potential, related to the different ionic concentration inside and outside the cell. | |
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | + | Considering that these channels are only permeable to calcium and have two states -open or closed-, the total conductance associated with the population of VDCCs can be expressed as the maximal conductance [[Image:gbarra.jpg]] times the fraction of all channels that are open. This fraction is determined by hypothetical activation and inactivation variables <i>m</i> and <i>h</i>, which depend on voltage and time: | |
[[Image:eq2.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq2.jpg|center]] | ||
[[Image:2.1.jpg|center]] | [[Image:2.1.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | [[Image:Minf.jpg]] is the steady-state value of ''m'' and [[Image:Taum.jpg]] is the time constant. They are defined functions of voltage: | |
[[Image:2.1.1.jpg|center]] | [[Image:2.1.1.jpg|center]] | ||
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[[Image:2.3.jpg|center]] | [[Image:2.3.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | <i>K</i> is the halfway inactivation concentration and <i>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub></i> is the constant extracellular calcium concentration. | |
| - | + | Now, we have to model how transmembrane potential changes in time. To do this, we can consider the following membrane-equivalent electrial circuit, where all ionic currents involved in initiation and propagation of the action potential are represented: | |
[[Image:V_circuit.gif|center]] | [[Image:V_circuit.gif|center]] | ||
| - | + | We can know the transmembrane potential at any time after applying an electrical input by solving this equation: | |
[[Image:eq3.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq3.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | However, we have assumed that our stimulus triggers the excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP), so it's not necessary to solve the previous equation. But modelling the calcium influx is only the first step... | |
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
| - | * | + | *'''Modelling Free Intracellular Calcium Concentration'''<br> |
| - | + | The change in free intracellular calcium concentration is mostly due to the influx of calcium ions described above, but there are several factors which also contribute. For instance, we have considered calcium buffers and calcium remove by membrane pumps. | |
| - | + | **<u>Calcium current</u><br> | |
| - | + | The relation between the calcium inward current <i>I<sub>Ca</sub></i> and the change in intracellular calcium concentration is given by: | |
[[Image:eq4.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq4.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | <i>F</i> is the Faraday's constant, <i>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]</i> is the calcium concentration just below the plasma membrane and <i>Vol</i> is the cell volume considered. | |
[[Image:V_CaCurrent.jpg|250px|center]] | [[Image:V_CaCurrent.jpg|250px|center]] | ||
| - | + | **<u>Calcium buffers</u> | |
| - | + | At this point we have taken into account the presence of calcium buffers such as calmodulin, calcineurin, calbindin, and other ones in the cell. To make the model easier, we have assumed that calcium binds to a single binding site on a single buffer as it is expressed here: | |
[[Image:V_Buffer.jpg|150px|center]] | [[Image:V_Buffer.jpg|150px|center]] | ||
| - | + | <i>f</i> and <i>b</i> are the forward and backward rates of the binding reaction: | |
[[Image:eq5.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq5.jpg|center]] | ||
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[[Image:V_Buffer2.jpg|300px|center]] | [[Image:V_Buffer2.jpg|300px|center]] | ||
| - | + | **<u>Calcium pumps</u> | |
| - | + | Once the buffering system has reduced the amount of free intracellular calcium, the remaining calcium ions must be removed from the cell in order to maintain calcium homeostasis. We have described the behaviour of calcium pumps by the following first-order equation: | |
[[Image:eq6.jpg|center]] | [[Image:eq6.jpg|center]] | ||
| - | + | Where <i>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>eq</sub></i> is the equilibrium concentration of the pump, <i>[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]</i> is the calcium concentration in the shell just below the membrane and <i>t<sub>pump</sub></i> is the pump's time constant, which depends on voltage: | |
[[Image:6.1.jpg|center]] | [[Image:6.1.jpg|center]] | ||
| Line 92: | Line 90: | ||
[[Image:V_Pump.jpg|200px|center]] | [[Image:V_Pump.jpg|200px|center]] | ||
| - | + | We have neglected the intracellular diffusion of calcium due to the different concentrations between the inner perimembranal area and deeper areas of the citoplasm, we have considered that the calcium release from intracellular organelles (for instance, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria) may reduce these concentration differences. Thus, we assume the calcium concentration just below the plasma membrane as whole intracellular calcium.--> | |
</span> | </span> | ||
Revision as of 16:44, 19 October 2009
Modelling
Our aim in this part of the Project is the development of a model which describes how intracellular calcium concentration changes in time when we apply electrical stimulation, this is, a potential difference across the plasma membrane. We have considered very interesting to make different approaches to this problem: on the one hand, a deterministic model of the calcium influx through the voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) of excitable cells (neurons and muscle cells) and yeasts -based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model modified by Yamada et al [ISBN:0262111330]-, and, on the other hand, we have included stochastic methods for a further study of these gates, particularly of its activation/inactivation. We are working hard to offer you this model in an easy and clear way, also trying to allow you to interact with the system.
- What are VDCCs?
Living cells are surrounded by semipermeable membranes containing specialized proteins providing for exchange of various atoms and molecules between extracellular and intracellular spaces. Two basic mechanisms of transmembrane transport have been recognized: carriers and channels.
Carriers, such as the Ca2+ pump, Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, or Na+-K+ pump, transport ions against concentration and/or electrical gradients are coupled to metabolic energy consumption. Membrane channels are viewed as pores, which, when opened, allow passive transport downhill the electric and/or concentration gradients. Opening of a channel can be accomplished in two ways:
- by binding of a specific ligand either directly to the channel or to another membrane protein coupled to the channel
- by a change in transmembrane voltage.
The first pathway is characteristic for ligand-gated channels, such as the glutamate or acetylcholine receptors. The second pathway activates the so-called voltage-gated channels. The foundation of biophysical analyses of voltage-gated ion channels was laid in the pioneering works of Hodgkin and Huxley in the 1930s and culminated in the 1950s by formulating the Hodgkin-Huxley model of action potential (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952 [PMC1392413]).
Voltage-gated calcium channels were first identified by Fatt and Katz (1953) [PMC1366030] in crustacean muscle. Then it was discovered that there are different channel subtypes in excitable cells and, some years later, it was accepted that there are analog calcium channels in yeast plasma membrane.
