Latest revision as of 02:46, 22 October 2009

Design

Speed control is a crucial feature of our Bactomotor and is indispensable for more advanced controllable applications. Devices equipped with the speed controllable Bactomotor open up many possibilities of non-invasive micro-surgery. Obviously, we may not expect the bacteria motor to behave exactly according to our will. After all, our motor is alive! It is subjected to numerous physical and physiological limitations. But the capacity of tweaking the swimming speed greatly promotes its usefulness. In the case of micro-surgery, we can slow down the Bactomotor in order to locate the pathologic tissue. We can then increase the bacteria to its full speed to bring desirable mechanical changes to the target area. Another example that will illustrate the importance of speed control is in the case of drug delivery. On one hand, we may wish to make the drug-loaded Bactomotor to swim faster than it normally does to overcome the resistance it encounters with in the capillaries during the process of delivery; on the other hand, we wish to slow down the Bactomotor in time to allow more accurate localization of drug.

Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium can swim around by rotating the flagella. When the flagella rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the bactomotor gathers momentum and produces non-random movement. When the rotation is in the clockwise direction, the bactomotor will tumble in one place and stop 'swimming'.

Figure. 1 Genetic circuit related to cell movement iHKU

Speed control is not achieved by a single bacterium; On the contrary, it is the result of the collaborative change in the swimming behavior of a population of bacteria that are attached onto the silicon nano-scale motor via biotin-streptavidin interaction. The aim is achieved by regulation of the expression level of cheZ gene. The gene of cheZ plays the key role here as it controls the phosphorylation level of cheY. CheZ protein can dephosphorylate CheY. High levels of phosphorylation of CheY protein in E. coli or S.typhimurium leads to tumbling movement while low levels of phosphorylation switch the flagella to its non-tumbling mode and enable the bacteria to swim. Therefore, an increase in the expression level of cheZ gene allows us to reduce the tumbling movement, which in turn can increase the swimming speed of the bacteria to achieve manipulation of speed.

**Step 1--cheZ knockout**

By using λ red recombination system, recombineering was applied to knock out the cheZ gene in the chromosome of E. coli or S.typhimurium. Homologous arms (about 50-bp) were placed inside the cheZ gene. The cheZ gene was substituted by a chloramphenicol resistance gene after recombination.

**Step 2--Controllable cheZ expression**

An inducible cheZ plasmid ( [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283002 BBa_K283002] ) was tranformed into cheZ knockout strains. Therefore, by controlling cheZ expression level, we can implement the adjustable control over the speed of the bacteria and hence the motor.

There are two designs for cheZ plasmid.

Original Design

The original design ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283016 BBa_K283016]) is to use LacI as a repressor to prevent the occurrence of leaky expression in the absence of the inducer, which in this case is IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside). We predict that the bacterium will swim at a lower speed when it is in a tumbling mode. When the bacteria are treated with IPTG (switch-on), the expression level of cheZ could be regulated according to inducer's concentration and hence swimming speed of the bacteria.

Figure. 2 Genetic circuit of control cheZ expression

Backup Design

The backup design ( [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283002 BBa_K283002] ) is to use tetR as a repressor and pTet as the regulator, which tetracycline (or aTc)-inducible. We suppose that by changing the concentration of tetracycline, the expression amount of protein CheZ will be altered, resulting in the acceleration and deceleration.

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 =Design=
-Speed control is a crutial step for our bactomotor. As every car has an accelerator, our bactomotor should be equiped this ability to bacome a more perfect motor in further applicaiton. It could act as a non-invasive method to nanorobot-assisted surgery or any medial treatment. For example, when selective drug is delivered to target cells powered by our bactomotors, this adjustable motor could propel the drug faster when passing through arteries to be effective, and slower when passing capillaries for better absorption.
+Speed control is a crucial feature of our Bactomotor and is indispensable for more advanced controllable applications. Devices equipped with the speed controllable Bactomotor open up many possibilities of non-invasive micro-surgery. Obviously, we may not expect the bacteria motor to behave exactly according to our will. After all, our motor is alive! It is subjected to numerous physical and physiological limitations. But the capacity of tweaking the swimming speed greatly promotes its usefulness. In the case of micro-surgery, we can slow down the Bactomotor in order to locate the pathologic tissue. We can then increase the bacteria to its full speed to bring desirable mechanical changes to the target area. Another example that will illustrate the importance of speed control is in the case of drug delivery. On one hand, we may wish to make the drug-loaded Bactomotor to swim faster than it normally does to overcome the resistance it encounters with in the capillaries during the process of delivery; on the other hand, we wish to slow down the Bactomotor in time to allow more accurate localization of drug.
-The application of "Bactomotor" will be extremely valuable and immense when comes to nanorobots-assisted surgery or any medical treatment that requires nanorobots for body inspection as they provide a non-invasive method. A few examples are given below:
+''Escherichia coli'' or ''Salmonella typhimurium'' can swim around by rotating the flagella. When the flagella rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the bactomotor gathers momentum and produces non-random movement. When the rotation is in the clockwise direction, the bactomotor will tumble in one place and stop 'swimming'.
-Selective drug delivery to target cells, increasing bioavailability and minimalizing systemic side effects.
-Endarectomy of small arteries/arterioles/capillaries as treatment for atherosclerosis not reachable by catheters.
-Lysis of blood clot in small arteries in brain as treatment for stroke
-Outside medicine, another potential application of the bio-motor is to generate electricity, thus providing promising alternative renewable energy sources to our increasing electricity-demanding world, especially to those developing countries. Nevertheless, these fruitful findings hopes to act as some valuable stepping stone for us to develop further discoveries and even more sophisticated products in coming years.
+[[Image:HKU-HKBU_speed_control_1b.png | thumb |300px| center | '''Figure. 1''' Genetic circuit related to cell movement [https://2008.igem.org/Team:iHKU/modeling iHKU]]]
-''E. coli'' or ''Salmonella'' can swim around by the flagella rotating. When the flagella rotate counterclockwise, the bacteria form the forward motion which is called swimming. However, when the rotation is changed into clockwise, the bacteria tumble in place and are unable to swim (Fig 1).
-[[Image:HKU-HKBU_speed_control_1.png | frame | center | Fig. 1 Genetic circuit related to cell movement [https://2008.igem.org/Team:iHKU/modeling iHKU]]]
+Speed control is not achieved by a single bacterium; On the contrary, it is the result of the collaborative change in the swimming behavior of a population of bacteria that are attached onto the silicon nano-scale motor via biotin-streptavidin interaction. The aim is achieved by regulation of the expression level of ''cheZ'' gene. The gene of ''cheZ'' plays the key role here as it controls the phosphorylation level of ''cheY''. CheZ protein can dephosphorylate CheY. High levels of phosphorylation of CheY protein in ''E. coli'' or ''S.typhimurium'' leads to tumbling movement while low levels of phosphorylation switch the flagella to its non-tumbling mode and enable the bacteria to swim. Therefore, an increase in the expression level of ''cheZ'' gene allows us to reduce the tumbling movement, which in turn can increase the swimming speed of the bacteria to achieve manipulation of speed.
-To control the speed of our Bactomotor, we aim at the direct swimming of bacteria for propelling the motor and the adjustable speed of swimming within a certain range. The aim is achieved by regulation of the expression level of cheZ gene. cheZ plays the key role here is due to its influence on the expression of cheY. A high level of phosphorylation of cheY protein in ''E. coli'' or ''Salmonella''leads to the majority of bacteria tumbling movement, while a low level of phosphorylation of cheY protein in ''E. coli'' or ''Salmonella'' is found in non-tumbling bacteria and cheZ can function to reduce the level of phophorylated cheY in the bacteria. Therefore, when increasing the expression level of CheZ gene, we can reduce the tumbling movement, which in turn can increase the swimming speed of the bacteria to achieve the manipulation of speed.
-=='''Step 1--''CheZ'' knockout'''==
+=='''Step 1--''cheZ'' knockout'''==
+By using λ red recombination system, recombineering was applied to knock out the ''cheZ'' gene in the chromosome of ''E. coli'' or ''S.typhimurium''. Homologous arms (about 50-bp) were placed inside the ''cheZ'' gene. The ''cheZ'' gene was substituted by a chloramphenicol resistance gene after recombination.
-By using lamda red system, recombineering could be applied to knock out the ''CheZ'' gene in the chromosome of ''E. coli'' or ''Salmonella''. Homologous arma (about 50bp) were designed inside the ''CheZ'' gene and after recombination, the ''CheZ'' was replaced and destroyed by chloramphenicol resistance gene .
 =='''Step 2--Controllable ''cheZ'' expression'''==
-An inducible CheZ plasmid is tranformed into ''CheZ'' knockout strains. Therefore, by controlling cheZ expression level, we can implement the adjustable control over the speed of the bacteria and hence the motor.
+An inducible ''cheZ'' plasmid ( [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283002 BBa_K283002] ) was tranformed into ''cheZ'' knockout strains. Therefore, by controlling ''cheZ'' expression level, we can implement the adjustable control over the speed of the bacteria and hence the motor.
 There are two designs for ''cheZ'' plasmid.
 ===Original Design===
-The orinigal design is to use '''lacI''' as a repressor to prevent any leaky expression in the absence of the inducer (IPTG or arabinose). When the bacteria were treated with IPTG or arabinose(switch on), the'' cheZ'' expression level could be regulated according to its concentration and hence the swimming speed of the bacteria.
-[[Image:HKU-HKBU_speed_control_design_first.png|center]]
+The original design ([http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283016 BBa_K283016]) is to use '''LacI''' as a repressor to prevent the occurrence of leaky expression in the absence of the inducer, which in this case is IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside). We predict that the bacterium will swim at a lower speed when it is in a tumbling mode.
+When the bacteria are treated with IPTG (switch-on), the expression level of ''cheZ'' could be regulated according to inducer's concentration and hence swimming speed of the bacteria.
+[[Image:HKU-BU-pLAC-cheZ.png | center |thumb|300px| '''Figure. 2''' Genetic circuit of control ''cheZ'' expression]]
+===Backup Design===
-===Back up Design===
+The backup design ( [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K283002 BBa_K283002] ) is to use '''tetR''' as a repressor and '''pTet''' as the regulator, which tetracycline (or aTc)-inducible. We suppose that by changing the concentration of tetracycline, the expression amount of protein CheZ will be altered, resulting in the acceleration and deceleration.
-The back up design is to use '''tetR''' as a repressor and '''ptet''' as the regulator, which can be induced by aTc. We suppose that by changing the concentration of aTc, the expression amount of protein cheZ will be altered, which results in the speed up and slow down of the swimmng.
-[[Image:HKU-HKBU_speed_control_design_second.png|center]]
+[[Image:HKU-BU-pLAC-cheZ-tet.png| center |thumb|300px]]
 {{Team:HKU-HKBU/footer}}

Team:HKU-HKBU/Speed Control Design

From 2009.igem.org