Team:Virginia Commonwealth/Design

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==Future work==
==Future work==
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*Constitutive promoters
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*Higher understanding
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**There are several types of constitutive promoters that we can focus on.  These promoters are separate in regard to their respective sigma binding domains. Constitutive promoters that interact with the sigma 70 domain of RNAP are most common most prevalent being as how sigma 70 RNAP is most common at normal cellular growth conditions. The alternatives would be sigma 54 and sigma 32 binding factors, these types of polymerases are more active when the cell is under certain strain, such as heat shock of nitrogen starvation.
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**From our results, we would potentially be able to more accurately predict the transcriptional effect of the UP element with each nucleotide change.
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**There has already been considerable work done with sigma 70 RNAP including an established promoter library of varying promoter strengths available on the parts registry.  We will develop and implement a method to fully characterize and standardize these promoters' activity and upload it to the registry.  
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**It has been suggested that both alpha subunits located in the RNAP bind to the UP element at once. We would like to test this theory by measuring the binding strength when both alpha subunits are present and when only one is present.
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*Regulated promoters
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**We would like to study operator sites and redesign them as biobrick parts to tighten the control at the transcriptional level.
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*T7 Promoters
*T7 Promoters

Revision as of 20:05, 21 October 2009


UP-element design

UP-elements are known to significantly increase the RNA polymerase-recruiting power of promoters by interacting with the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase. Work has been done to identify a consensus sequence for this transcriptional enhancer based on 31 natural E. coli promoters (Estrem ST, Gaal T, Ross W, Gourse RL, Identification of an UP element consensus sequence for bacterial promoters, PNAS, (1998), 95, 9761-9766.).

Figure 1: Tabulation of UP-elements in E. coli and nucleotide frequency at each position (adapted from Estrem ST, Gaal T, Ross W, Gourse RL, Identification of an UP element consensus sequence for bacterial promoters, PNAS, (1998), 95, 9761-9766.)


We created this UP element as a modular BioBrick part and are characterizing its activity using the promoter characterization method that we developed. We also manipulated this element using a bottom-up design approach to get UP elements of varying degree's of strength. Thus increasing the level of control we have over gene expression.

Tabulation of UP-element sequences in order of observed strengths and correlation with nucleotide frequency

Data showed direct correlation between the strength of naturally occurring UP elements and the frequency of each nucleotide at each respective position. Thirty one UP element sequences were analyzed for nucleotide frequency and the relative activity was tabulated for each sequence (Estrem, et. al). From this a consensus UP element sequence was identified which was composed of the most frequently occurring nucleotide at each position.


UP-element consensus sequence and observed variable regions for selected sequences (that most closely matched the consensus sequence)

We separated the UP-element sequence into regions of highly conserved and highly variable nucleotide frequency. We hypothesized that variation of strength of the UP-element is attributed to the variable regions within the sequence. Upon further analysis of the nucleotide frequency in the variable regions we determined that changing a single base to the second most frequent nucleotide would allow us to quantify the relationship between nucleotide frequency and UP-element strength.

Sequences of designed UP-elements

These UP-element designs were directly synthesized to include a well characterized constitutive promoter and BioBrick ends on either end of the UP-element promoter sequence. We also synthesized an UP-element as a modular BioBrick part to study the effect of the added nucleotide spacing between the UP-element and the promoter due to the BioBrick assembly scar. Research suggested that the additional spacing of the eight base long assembly scar may have an effect on the performance of the UP-element's ability to recruit RNA polymerase.

Future work

  • Higher understanding
    • From our results, we would potentially be able to more accurately predict the transcriptional effect of the UP element with each nucleotide change.
    • It has been suggested that both alpha subunits located in the RNAP bind to the UP element at once. We would like to test this theory by measuring the binding strength when both alpha subunits are present and when only one is present.


  • Regulated promoters
    • We would like to study operator sites and redesign them as biobrick parts to tighten the control at the transcriptional level.


  • T7 Promoters
    • T7 phage promoters have long been utilized as a way to create orthogonal gene expression. There is very little variation in the strength of T7 promoters available via the BioBrick registry. Our goal is to identify a consensus T7 promoter sequence and use our bottom-up design approach to create a library of T7 promoters which we will characterize and upload to the registry.
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