Material

Kits

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Marker

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Enzymes

Restriction Enzymes

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Bacteria

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Bacteria Growth Media

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Eucaryotic cell lines

MCF-7

MCF-7 is a hormone-dependent, poorly invasive human breast cancer cell line [1]. Originally, the cell line was derived from a postmenopausal woman with metastatic breast cancer at the Michigan Cancer Foundation. It was observed, however, that cell lines used in different laboratories vary greatly in their biological characteristics, so that it is suggested that they were derived from different patients [2]. MCF-7 cells are estrogen-receptor positive and require estrogen for tumorigenesis in vivo. 17β-estradiol induces an TGFα-like activity [3], which promotes tumor growth and progression [4]. Furthermore the cells express receptors for and respond to several other hormones including androgen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, insulin, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, prolactin and thyroid hormone [2].

HeLa

The cells were originally derived in 1952 from Henrietta Lacks, who suffered from an adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The HeLa cells were the first human epithelial cells established in long-term culture [5]. There are three main characteristics of the genome of HeLa by which they can be recognized: hypertriploid chromosome number (3n+), 20 clonally abnormal chromosomes and the integration of multiple copies of HPV18 (Human Papilloma Virus) at various sites [6]. It has been shown, that the HeLa genome has been remarkably stable after years of subcultivation [6], but it is also possible to select strains of HeLa cells with certain properties by putting them under selection pressure [7].

U2-OS

U2-OS, formerly known as 2T cell line [8], were derived from a 15-year-old girl with a moderately differentiated osteogenic sarcoma of the shinbone. Cell culture of U2-OS started at the time of amputation of the left leg on September 3, 1964 [9]. U2-OS cells express adhesion molecules such as integrins, Ig-CAMs and chemokine receptors as well as growth factors which are either constitutively expressed (such as IL-7) or inducible (such as TNF) by PMA (phorbol ester) or ionomycine. The adhesion molecules and growth factors support the growth of CD34 progenitor cells [10].

References

[1] Clark, R. (1990) The process of malignant progression in human breast cancer. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology/ESMO 1: 401-407.
[2] Osborne, C. K., Hobbs, K. & Trent, J. M. (1987) Biological differences among, MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines from different laboratories. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 9: 111-121.
[3] Dickson, R. B., Bates, S. E., McManaway, M. E. & Lippman, M. E. (1986) Characterization of Estrogen Responsive Transforming Activity in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Research 46: 1707-1713.
[4] Booth, B. W. & Smith, G. H. (2007) Roles of transforming growth factor-α in mammary development and disease. Growth Factors 25: 227-235.
[5] Gey, G. O., Coffman, W. D. & Kubicek, M. T. (1952) Tissue culture studies of the proliferative capacity of cervical carcinoma and norml epithelium. Cancer Research 12: 264-265
[6] Macville, M., Schroeck, E., Padilla-Nash, H., Keck, C., Ghadimi, M. B.,Zimonjic, D., Pospecu, N. & Ried, T. (1999) Comprehensive and definitive moleculare cytogenic characterization of HeLa cells by spectral karyotyping. Cancer Research 59: 141-150
[7] Masters, J. R. (2002) HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly. Nature Reviews 2:315-319
[8] Ek, E. T. H., Dass, C. R. & Choong, P. F. M. (2006) Commonly used mouse models of osteosarcoma. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 60: 1-8.
[9] Ponten, J. & Saksela, E. (1967) Two established in vitro cell lines from human mesenchymal tumours. International Journal of Cancer 2: 434-447.
[10] Nelissen, J. M. D. T., Torensma, R., Pluyter, M., Adema, G. J., Raymakers, R. A. P., van Kooyk, Y. & Figdor, C. G. (2000) Molecular analysis of the hematopoiesis supporting osteoblastic cell line U2-OS. Experimental Hematology 28: 422-432.

Cell Culture Media

DMEM+++

• DMEM
• 1% Glucosamin
• 1% Pen/Strep
• 10% FCS

DMEM++

• DMEM
• 1% Glucosamin
• 1% Pen/Strep
• 1% non-essential aminoacids

Zeocin-Medium

• DMEM+++
• 100 µl/ml Zeocin

Minimal Medium

• 2,1 g/l NaHCO3
• 1µM CaCl2
• 10 µM Hepes-Buffer [1]
  
• 1 % Pen/Strep
• Krebs-Henseleit-Buffer (Sigma-Aldrich [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/k3753pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/k3753pis.pdf])
  

Oligos

Oligos used for RA-PCR

Oligos for LAM-PCR

Plasmids

The following is a list of all used plasmids. Some of them are just working plasmids, others are of greater value for our project. The latter are bold in the table.

Methods

General Methods

Transformation of Bacteria

For enrichment of vectors, E .coli DH5α were used. For the transformation 100 µl of the competent cells were thawed on ice and 50 – 400 ng DNA solution added (depending on the concentration of the DNA solution). After a 30-60 minute incubation on ice, cells were made permeable for the DNA by heat shocking for 45 seconds at 42 °C and a further 3 minute incubation on ice. The samples were than rescued by adding 500µl preheated antibiotic free LB-medium and incubated for one hour at 37 °C while shaking for induction of the antibiotic resistance. The selection for plasmid containing and therefore antibiotic resistant bacteria was conducted by plating them on antibiotic containing LB-agar plates.

Glycerol stock

To store bacteria for long term glycerol stocks were used. Therefore 1 ml of an over night culture were added to 150 µl of 80 % Glycerol into a cryo tube, vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Afterwards the glycerole stock was stored at -80 °C.

Isolation of plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis (mini and maxiprep)

For analysis of ligations and transformations QIAprep Spin Kits (Qiagen, Hilden) were used following the manufacturer instructions. For miniprep a single colony was picked from a LB-agar plate or glycerol stock was used to inoculate 5 ml LB-medium with appropriate antibiotic for selection (100 µg/µl ampicillin, 50 µg/µl kanamycin, 35 µg/µl chloramphenicol). Bacteria were grown over night at 37 °C while shaking (200 rpm). By using 4 ml over night culture with this kit the yield was around 6-10 µg. For maxipreps the Qiagen CompactPrep Plasmid Maxi Kit was used following the instructions given by the instruction manual. In this case 250 ml LB-medium were inoculated and used for preparation of plasmid DNA. The routinely yield was 300-400 µg plasmid DNA. Purity and amount of DNA was analysed using a NanoDrop.

Preparing chemically competent cells

First, a 20 ml over night culture was inoculated in antibiotic free LB medium from a fresh single colony and transferred into 400 ml antibiotic free LB medium the next day. This culture was incubated at 37 °C while shacking until an OD600 of 0.5 – 0.6 was achieved. The culture was than cooled down on ice, centrifuged (8 min, 4 °C, 3500 rpm), the supernatant discarded and the pellet resuspended in 10 ml 100 mM CaCl2. After addition of further 190 ml 100 mM CaCl2 the suspension was incubated on ice for 30 min. The suspension was than again centrifuged (8 min, 4 °C, 3500 rpm), the supernatant discarded, the pellet resuspended in 20 ml 82.5 mM CaCl2 with 17.5 % glycerol and aliquoted. The aliquots were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and than stored at -80 °C until usage.

Ligation

Standard Ligation Protocol

T4 ligase joins the 5' phosphate and the 3'-hydroxyl groups of DOUBLE stranded DNA molecules. First step for ligation is to estimate the vector and insert concentrations:if insert is from PCR, assume that 50% is recovered, typically 5 mg, and resuspended in 10 ml of H20; same with vector, assume half is recovered in purification/precipitation and resuspend in 10-20 ml of H2O if it is not re-suspended already. Second step is to plan control reactions: One reaction with no insert, one reaction with no vector (if enough insert is available). Then Molar Ratio of Insert to Vector is determined where a ratio of Insert:Vector 3:1 (100-150ng Vector DNA) is tried to be achieved. After this, ligation mixure is setup in the following way:

• 10X Ligase buffer (Promega #M1801)
• 1 ml T4 Ligase (Promega #M1801, 3 U/ml)
• Bring volume to 10 (or 20 see note below) ml with nuclease-free water.
• If doing a blunt-end ligation, it may be needed to add PEG (up to 15%) to increase the efficiency.

Samples are incubated according to the guidelines below

• Incubate sticky end ligation reactions at room temperature for 3 hours (or at 4 to 8 deg C, overnight).
• Incubate blunt-end ligation reactions at 17 deg C for 4 to 18 hours.

After incubation the ligase is heat inactivated by placing tube in 65C water bath for 10 minutes. 2 ml of theLigation mixture is used for transformation. transformed cells are plated on selective media and incubated overnight.

Site-directed mutagenesis

For removal of unwanted Restriction Sites, a PCR-based site direct mutagenesis protocol was adapted from [http://www.stratagene.com/manuals/200518.pdf Stratgene]. Oligos were designed to have a high (>78°C) Tm ny applying the formula <math>T_{m} = 81{,}5 + 0{,}41 * (%GC) - \frac{675}N - %mismatch</math>. The following scheme was used for pipetting:

The PCR procedure was as follows:

After completion, 1µL of DpnI (NEB) was added and the mix was incubated for 1h at 37°C. Then, DH5alpha cells were transformed as described above.

DNA synthesis

Oligos were designed using [http://baderlab.bme.jhu.edu/gd/ GeneDesign]. 15Bp were chosen as an overhang and 56 °C as an annealing temperature. Oligos were ordered at a concentration of 100µM. 1:10 dilutions of the first and last oligo were prepared. Then, all oligos (including first and last) were pooled at 1µL each. Water was added to 10x the original volume. (So if a gene is synthesized from x = 14 oligos, water was added to 10*x = 140µL). This pool was then diluted 1:10. x µL of the dilution were put into a PCR reaction with 25µL Phusion master mix and 25-x µL water. PCR was conducted as following:

Afterwards, 1µL of the 1:10 dilutions of the innermost and outermost primer were added. The same PCR protocol was then repeated, but with 25 instead of 7 cycles. PCR products were run on a 2% agarose gel and gel purified.

Purification of DNA from PCR reactions

PCR products were purified by the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit from Qiagen following the instructions of the Qiagen Handbook. To check the purity and amount of extracted DNA an aliquot was analysed using a NanoDrop.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA by restriction enzymes

restriction digest Restriction digest of DNA was used for analysis of purified DNA form mini or maxiprep or for isolation of specific DNA fragments for further cloning. Analytical digestions were routinely conducted in 20 µl volume,preparative digestions were routinely conducted in 50 µl volume. In all digestions a minimum of 2 Units restriction enzyme(s) was used per microgram DNA. Optimised buffer conditions were secured by using NEB buffer system. The final reaction volume was achieved by adding H₂O dest. The sample was incubated at optimal temperature for the restriction enzyme(s) (usually 37 °C). Analysis and preparation of DNA were either done by gelelectrophoreses (loading dye was added to the samples and they were loaded on a agarose gel) or alternatively PCR Purification (PCR Purification QIAquick Kit from Qiagen)

Phosphatasing with Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase SAP is used for Dephosphorylation of 5'-ends of DNA in Restriction Enzyme Reaction. After restriction digest 1 unit of SAP is added for every 1 pmol of DNA ends (about 1 μg of a 3 kb plasmid) and incubated at 37°C for 30-60 min. The reaction is stopped by heating at 65°C for 15 min (this completely inactivates SAP) The minimum effective amount of SAP for dephosphorylation of 1 pmol of DNA termini in 1 hr at 37°C is:

• 0.05 units for 5'-protruding termini
• 0.05 units for blunt termini
• 0.1 units for 5'-recessed termini

Agarose gel electrophoresis for separating DNA

In the agarose gel electrophoresis a mixture of DNA fragments with different sizes are separated in an electrical field by their size. This is achieved by moving the negatively charged DNA through an agarose matrix while shorter fragments will run faster. The size of the pores can be controlled by agarose concentration. The higher the agarose concentration the smaller the pores are and the smaller fragments can be separated. Agarose concentrations between 0.7 and 1.5 % agarose in 0.5x TE buffer were used. The agarose was dissolved completely by heating up and 0.1 µg/ml ethidium bromide was added. The DNA fragments were separated using a constant voltage between 80 and 130 V. Under UV light (λ = 254 nm) DNA is visible through the unspecific intercalated ethidium bromide and can be documented or cut out and extracted from the gel.

Isolation of DNA fragments from an agarose gel

Plasmid DNA and DNA fragments were extracted using the Gel Extraction Kit from Qiagen following the manufacture instructions. To check the purity and amount of extracted DNA an aliquot was analysed using a NanoDrop.

Cell Culture

Splitting cells

Cultures of HeLa, MCF7 and U2OS cells are splitted 1:10 every 3-4 days or 1:3 every day: DMEM+++ (see Material) covering the cells is removed and the cells are washed with 3 ml PBS. The PBS is removed after the washing step and 3 ml of trypsin are added to the flask; almost all of the Trypsin is removed again until the cells are only slightly covered with Trypsin. The trypsinized cells are then incubated for 5 min at 37°C and 5% CO₂. After this incubation time, the cells are detached from the bottom and the flask is filled with 5 ml of DMEM+++. Cells are resuspended in medium by pipetting up and down. To achieve a diluton of 1:10, 0,5 ml of the suspension is transferred to another flask and 5 ml of DMEM+++ are added. This dilution is then incubated for 3-4 days at 37°C and 5% CO₂. The rest of the cell suspension (about 4 ml) is transferred to a 50 ml falcon tube and the same volume of DMEM+++ is added to the falcon. 9,6 µl of this dilution are transferred to a counting chamber and the number of cells is determined (x*10^4).

• Note 1: HeLa and U2OS seem to grow faster than MCF7; check notebook for information on splitting ratios

Transfection of Mammalian cells

1.Fugene (Roche) 10^5 cells were moved to 6-well plates. 2,5 mL of DMEM medium plus addiditives were added.The following day, 97 µL pure DMEM was incubated for 5 minutes with 3µL Fugene6 reagent at roomt temperature. Afterwards, the mixture was added dropwise to 500ng of plasmid and allowed to incubate for 15 minutes at RT. The mixture was then added dropwise to the cells.Cells were incubated for 24 hours without selection pressure, afterwards, medium was changed and Zeomycine was added to a concentration of 350ng/mL

2. Effectene Transfection (Qiagen) Move x (for apropriate amounts see table below) cells to 6-well plates/ LabTek 8 chamber and add 2 ml/0,5 ml DMEM+++. Incubate over night at 37°C and 5% CO₂.The following day, dilute x µg of DNA in Buffer EC to a total volume of x µl (note: Yara just adds 100 µl/50 µl). Add x µl of Enhancer and mix by tapping the tube (or vortex for 1 sec). Incubate for 2-5 min at RT. Add x µl of Effectene Transfection reagent to the DNA-Enhancer Mixture. Mix by tapping the tube (or vortexing for 10 s or pipetting up and down 5 times). Incubate samples for 5- 10 min at RT to allow for transfection-complex formation. While complex formation takes place, aspire medium and add x ml of fresh growth medium. After incubation time add the transfection -complexes drop-wise to the cells on the well. Gently swirl the plate to ensure uniform distribution of the complexes.

• transient transfection: remove Effectene-DNA complexes after 6-18 hours, wash cells 1x with sterile PBS, add fresh medium. Incubate cells with the complexes under normal growth conditions for an appropriate time for expression.
• stable transfection: change medium after 24 hours (wash with PBS); check confluency after 48 hours - (if required) split to 25% confluency, add fresh medium and incubate 2-3 hours until cells have attached to culture dish. Then, remove medium and add fresh DMEM+++/Zeocin.

Freeze cells

Cells to be frozen should be confluent, but not too dense. Medium covering the cells is removed and cells are washed once with PBS. Afterwards cells are rinsed with 3 ml Trypsin; Trypsin is removed until the cells are only slightly covered (about 1 ml) and cells are incubated for about 5 min. After incubation, cells are resuspended in medium (at least about 4-5 times as much as Trypsin to inactivate that; used 5 ml). The suspension is transferred to 15 ml falcon and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 3-5 minutes. The supernatant is discarded and the remaining pellet is resuspended in DMEM+++ (here: 7,5 ml for 5 aliquots, 1,5 ml each). 1,5 ml of the suspension is distributed into freezer vials. After adding of 150 µl DMSO to each vial, cells are put on ice and stored at -80°C.

Picking cells with cloning disks

Foci of cells, which were under selection pressure (zeocin) are marked on the bottom of the petri dish (use pen from underneath the microscope). As many cloning disks as foci available are prpared by incubating them 3-5 minutes in trypsin (in a petri dish). Medium covering the cells is removed and cells are washed with PBS. PBS is removed till the cells are only slightly covered with it. The cloning disks are placed on the previousely marked spots and incubated for 3 minutes at 37 °C. During incubation a 96-well plate is prepared with 0,7 ml DMEM+++/Zeocin (1:1000)per well. The clonig disks are picked up with pressure (or swipe a little) to remove the entire foci off the plate and the cloning disk is transferred to the 96-well plate (one disk per well). Medium is pipetted up and down to loosen the cells from the cloning disks.

Fix cells for microscopy

The medium is removed from the cells on cover slips. 500 µl of 4% Paraformaldehyde (in PBS)is added to the cells and incubated for 10 minutes. PFA is taken off and cells are washed with 500 µl of PBS. Slides are labeled and a small drop of fluoromount is added with a pipet tip. Cover slips are washed in dH2O, by picking them up with tweezers and dipping them into the water. Afterwards cover slips are dried with filter paper without the paper touching the cover slip side containing the cells. Cover slips are layed down on the drop of fluoromount with the cells facing downwards. Fixed cells are dried overnight and can then be used for fluorescence microscopy.

Flow Cytometry (FC)

Before preparing samples for flow cytometry the flow cytometer has to be turned on at least 20 min before the run. Samples are then prepared in the following way (this is for a 96 well plate):As much DMEM+++ as possible is removed from the cells. Next 60 µl Trypsin are added and the cells are incubated at 37 C for 10-15 min. Then, 160 µl of 1xPBS + 1% BSA are added. Samples are now ready for FC. At the FC the correct plate format is chosen. The plate is placed in the machine and the lid is taken off. Measurement parameters such as plateformat, wells, and the desired protocol are chosen from the list. Volume and Mix iterations are are also chosen and saved as... .The discriminator is set to increase the threshold(2-10). The measurement is started with forward vs. side scatter in order to find cells. When cells are found, a gate (line) is added around the cells or cell candidates. Selected cells are then measured.

Induction

To induce the respective pathways specifically, we searched literature and used knowledge of groups working with the drugs. The following table is an overview of the pathways, the used drugs and the conditions for activation.

^*1) Brady, N. Bioquant Heidelberg, Eils group; Personal communication.
^*2) Schilde, J. Institute for human genetics at the University of Heidelberg; Personal communication.

Measurement and Screening

Screening by TECAN

Cells were grown in black 96 well plates (PerkinElmer) and induced as described for the various pathways. Outer wells were left free. After induction, media was removed and replaced by PBS. Fluorescence was then measured using a TECAN infiniteM200 automated plate reader (excitation = 488nm, emission=518nm). In order to account for variations in cell number, cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 dye (SigmaAldrich). PBS was removed and replaced by PBS containing Hoechst 33342 dye at a concentration of 1µg/mL. Cells were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. Afterwards, medium was replaced by PBS again and fluorescence (excitation = 355nm, emission=455nm) was measured again by TECAN. Fluoresences values from the first reading were divided by fluorescence values of the second reading and multiplied by the lowest value of the second reading. Clones showing induction were considered further.

References

[1] Dipak Panigrahy, Samuel Singer, Lucy Q. Shen, Catherine E. Butterfield, Deborah A. Freedman, Emy J. Chen, Marsha A. Moses, Susan Kilroy, Stefan Duensing, Christopher Fletcher, Jonathan A. Fletcher, Lynn Hlatky, Philip Hahnfeldt, Judah Folkman & Arja Kaipainen (2002) PPARγ ligands inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. Journal of clinical cancer 110: 923-932.
[2] Enrico Lucarelli, Luca Sangiorgi, Veronica Maini, Giovanna Lattanzi, Sandra Marmiroli, Matteo Reggiani, Marina Mordenti, Giuliana Alessandra Gobbi, Francesca Scrimieri, Annarosa Zambon Bertoja, Piero Picci (2002) Troglitazione affects survival of human osteosarcoma cells. International Journal of Cancer 98 (3): 344-351.
[3]