Team:SJTU-BioX-Shanghai/The project

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Background

E.coli the napper

Bacteria and at least some archaea harbor ‘suicide systems’, the existence of which is a mystery to those who hear about them for the first time. These systems consist of a lethal toxin that can be neutralized by an antitoxin. The production of antitoxin, which is labile, must at least parallel that of the toxin, which is usually stable, to circumvent the induction of cell poison. To achieve this, both proteins are encoded within a single operon. The toxins seem to target specific, essential cellular processes. Perhaps the best characterized of these system is relBE system, the genes of which are present on the Escherichia coli chromosome. The relE toxin is an RNase that preferentially cleaves mRNAs bound to the ribosome at the second position of stop codons. Stop codons not only signal the end of the protein coding sequence but also serve as the binding site for release factors, which promote release of the nascent polypeptide and facilitate recycling of ribosomes for further rounds of translation. Thus truncated mRNA by cleavage of relE lacks appropriate termination signals, which causes the accumulation of stalled ribosomes and these mRNAs are unable to promote release factor binding, nascent polypeptide release, and ribosome recycling.

As a result, expression of the relE gene has been shown to severely inhibit translation and prevent colony formation.

Expression of relE on growth of E.coli cells

However, the growth of E.coli can be restored by coexpression of the cognate relB antitoxin, which can form a heterotetrameric (relB-relE)₂ structure when binding with relE. Thus,this structure is too large to fit into the A site, so the toxic relE can be neutralized. Overexpression of relB restored protein synthesis and colony formation. From this followed that inhibition of protein synthesis by relE is bacteriostatic, a state of low metabolic rate and cell growth like the hibernation behavior of bears and hedgehogs in chilly winter, rather than bacteriocidal. But the unbound relB is an easy prey for the ATP-dependent Lon protease.

What is most intricating is that relE display codon-specific cleavage of mRNAs in the ribosomal A site, that is to say, among stop codons UAG is cleaved with fast, UAA intermediate and UGA slow rate(UAG>UAA>UGA). The rates of the inhibition reactions in all cases were proportional to the relE concentration and thus determined by k_cat/K_m. The k_cat/K_m Values (s^-1μM^-1) for RelE Cleavage of 3 stop codons in the Ribosomal A Site have been measured previously.(UGA:0.078, UAA:2.2, UAG:26). The physical rationale of the measurement is that k_cat/K_m is determined by the standard free energy difference between relE in activated complex with a ribosome and a ground state with free relE and ribosome.

Project designing

On translation level

In our project, this unique relBE operon is separated into two independent genes, that is , relE and relB are located on two plasmid vectors pSB1A2 and pSB1AK3 respectively. Thus, expression of relE can be induced by substrate IPTG and that of relB by Trp. And the ATP-dependent protease Lon gene follows relE to form a polycistron in the same operon, which means Lon can coexpress with relE once induced by IPTG. When two operons are induced simultaneously, in the protein level, relE, relB, and Lon will fight with each other. On the one hand, relB can prevent cell from dormancy by neutralizing relE while on the other hand, relB can easily degraded by Lon. It seems that with the coexpression of Lon, the toxic effect of relE can not be offset by relB. Thus it is a finality that E.Coli will hibernate to survive this stage.

Gene network of our project

On transcription level

To add suspense to this play, we decide to create a transcriptional regulation pathway to control the rate of synthesis of 3 proteins. We modify 3 genes’ stop codons artificially via primer design in PCR procedure. In detail, we modify the stop codons of relE, Lon and relB to UAA, UAG, UGA respectively, which means on the transcriptional level, the mRNA of Lon will be the most severe victim of relE cleavage whereas the mRNA of relB can almost be intact based on a pretty low relE cleavage rate. relE cuts its own mRNA at a medium rate. On this level of competiton, mRNA of relB is the biggest winner, which grants an accordingly high level of relB product via translation. As relB accumulate to an amount surpass that of relE, the physiological state can alter from hibernation to activity, where the metabolism of bacteria are normal and colonies can easily form.

Overall output

If we put all these stuffs together, who can tell the final champion? relE or relB? At first stage, Once induced by IPTG and arabinose simultaneously, relE, Lon are coexpressed, and relB is hydrolyzed rapidly by Lon once produced. relE is dominant in this phase, the bacteria may keep in low metabolic rate and are in weak capacity to form colonies.

Nevertheless, as relE cleave the 3 kind of mRNAs with different stop codons, relB has the fastest synthesis rate because of a high level of intact mRNAs. In contrast, Lon are cornered to a rather low synthesis rate based on a small amount of available mRNAs. This is a perfect moment for relB to accumulate its products. When relB expression is over relE, the toxic effect of relE can be halted completely. During this stage, the microbe can regain the capacity of colony formation. It’s time to break the nightmare of Hypnos’ Curse!!!

One concern:How to erase the toxic effect of relE on chromosomal housekeeping genes? ------the answer is tmRNA.

Although some previous job has certify the fact that later induction of relB transcription in RelE-inhibited cells mediated complete recovery of colony formation.

Some may doubt that in the whole E.Coli system there are lots of key housekeeping genes such as those of RNA polymerase, peptide release factors and some catalytic enzymes in respiration, so how can bacteria recover from dormancy without these genes’ proper work, which are also affected by relE toxicity? One requirement for recovery is that ribosomal complexes with peptidyl-tRNA in P site and an mRNA truncated in the A site codon can be brought back initiation. So tmRNA is required for rapid recovery of translation in RelE-inhibited cells. tmRNA is a versatile and highly conserved bacterial molecule endowed with the combined structural and functional properties of both a tRNA and a mRNA. The tmRNA system orchestrates three key biological functions: (1) recognition and rescue of ribosomes stalled on aberrant mRNAs, (2) disposal of the causative defective mRNAs, and (3)addition of a degradation tag to ribosome-associated protein fragments for directed proteolysis.

So tmRNA is also taken into our circuit to assist relB rescue the dormant cells. It does accelerate the rescue efficiency of relB. Overproduction of tmRNA efficiently counteracted relE toxicity.

Network construction

Our whole network can be devided into three parts:

1. RelE and Lon-toxin system;
2. RelB –antitoxin system;
3. tmRNA-rescue sytem

Part I: RelE and Lon-toxin system: Hypnos Curse

Part I: RelE and Lon-toxin system: Hypnos Curse

In this part, the expression of Lon protease and RelE toxin is under the regulation of Lac promoter. At first, LacI-inhibiting protein is continously expressed, thus blocks the transcription of Lon and RelE. Once we use IPTG to induce the genetic circuit, the free LacI will be inactive, which eventually causes coexpression of RelE and Lon.

This part can be also called: Hypnos’ Curse. The relE toxin is an RNase that preferentially cleaves mRNAs bound to the ribosome at the second position of stop codons, so the excessive protein accumulation of RelE toxin will severely inhibit translation and prevent colony formation. Meanwhile, the Lon protease will hydrolysis RelB-antitoxin.

Most importantly, the stop condon of RelE gene is mutated from UGA(wild type) to UAA, which cause moderate self-inhibition of RelE protein. The result of self-inhibition can prevent RelE from accumulation.

Part II:RelB-antitoxin system: Hypnos Mercy

Part II:RelB-antitoxin system: Hypnos Mercy

Part II gives the chance for E.coli to revive from dormancy. The RelB-antitoxin is under control of Lamda CI promoter, which means we can use L-tryptophan to induce expression of RelB-antitoxin. The Lamda CI promoter can also be induced by high temperature.

This part can be also called: Hypnos’ Mercy. The growth of E.coli can be restored by coexpression of the cognate relB antitoxin, which can form a heterotetrameric (relB-relE)₂ structure when binding with relE. Thus,this structure is too large to fit into the A site, so the toxic relE can be neutralized. Overexpression of relB restored protein synthesis and colony formation.

Part III: tmRNA-rescue sytem

Part III: tmRNA-rescue sytem

tmRNA plays a very important role in rescuing system.We construct tmRNA under the control of PBAD, which can be induced by L-arabinose. SmpB is a small protein, as well as the coeffector of tmRNA, assisting tmRNA to bind stalled ribosomes. Therefore, a constitutive promoter(PsmpB) is designed to express SmpB.

The tmRNA system orchestrates three key biological functions: (1) recognition and rescue of ribosomes stalled on aberrant mRNAs, (2) disposal of the causative defective mRNAs, and (3)addition of a degradation tag to ribosome-associated protein fragments for directed proteolysis.

Part IV: overview of whole circuit and gene relationship:

Part IV: overview of whole circuit and gene relationship

Project meaning

Thus in our circuit, we create a oscillator in E.coli, which function like a biological clock monitoring circadian rhythm in higher animals and plants. As the bacteria alternate their states between dormancy and resuscitation, there seems an inner clock within them.

The duration of a circle from dormancy to resuscitation is expected to be constant, so it may be the definition of 1 day in “E.coli world”. It sounds crazy that we can count the age of E.Coli according to the “days” they have during their life time!! Here we come into another interesting topic-----the life-span of E.coli. With a low metabolic rate in dormancy, the bacteria are much like higher animals who hibernate during winter. As we all know, bears and hedgehogs hibernate to keep a rather low metabolic rate, helping them go through food shortage in winter. So do tortoises, who maintain low metabolic rate to survive a longer life-span. Can our E.Coli with a inner clock extend their life-span via this circadian rhythm?