Team:Warsaw/Glossary

[[image:Signal transduction pathways.png|thumb|left|390px|Overview of basic signal transduction pathways.]][[Image:Apoptosis stained.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A section of mouse liver stained to show cells undergoing apoptosis (orange)]]

[[Image:Cro 2.png|thumb|left|340px|Cro is a very small protein composed of 61 aminoacids]][[Image:Cro DNA 3.png|thumb|right|340px|Interaction between cro and DNA]]

[[Image:Cytuchrome c overall.png|thumb|left|340px|Cytochrome c oxidase complex. Each subunit is depicted using different color.]][[Image:Cytuchrome c subunit VIIl.png|thumb|right|340px|Subunit VII of the complex has signal pepting which has been used in our project]]

 

[[Image:YFP 2.png|thumb|left|340px|Yellow fluorescent protein]][[Image:YFP 5.png|thumb|right|340px|Focus on the fluorescent center]]

<div class="glossary text">Integrins are cellular receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and the tissues surrounding it, which may be other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are also involved in cell signaling and thereby define cellular shape, mobility, and regulate the cell cycle. Many types of integrin exist, and some cells have multiple types of integrins on their surface. Integrins are of vital importance to all animals and have been found in each investigated animal plylum. Several integrin types are recognized by invasins, bacterial surface proteins which are responsible for entrance of bacterium into the cell.</div>[[Image:Integrin 1.png|thumb|left|300px|Integrin &beta; 1 which is recognized by invasin.]][[Image:Integrin chimera.png|thumb|right|380px|Fragment of integrin &beta; V structure.]]

[[Image:Internalin 1.png|thumb|left|340px|Structure of internalin B]][[Image:Internalin complex 5.png|thumb|right|340px|Internalin B (orange) interacting with cadherin E (violet)]]

<div class="glossary_text">[[Image:Invasin 5.png|thumb|left|340px|Structure of invasin from ''Yersinia pseudotuberculosis'']]Invasin is one of proteins crucial for pathogenic features of enteropathogenic bacteria like ''Yersinia'' sp. or ''Salmonella'' sp. Invasin interacts with integrins, receptors occuring on the surface of eukariotic cell membrane, what triggers signalling cascade leading to endocytosis of whole pathogenic bacteria.

[[Image:Invasin head domain.png|thumb||right|330px|"Head domain" responsible for interaction with integrins]]<div>

<div class="glossary text">[[image:LacI IPTG 1.png|thumb|left|330px|Dimer of LacI with IPTG molecules (white)]][[Image:LacI o3 4.png|thumb|right|350px|LacI protein bound to DNA]]The lac repressor is a bacterial DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes which encode proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose. It is active in the absence of lactose, ensuring that the bacterium only invests its resources for the synthesis of proteins required for the uptake and metabolism of lactose when this saccharide is found in the environment. When lactose becomes available, it is converted into allolactose, which inhibits the lac repressor's DNA binding ability.</div>

<div class="glossary text">[[Image:Pore 2.png|thumb|left|400px|Pore formed by 12 molecules of hemolysin]][[Image:Hemolysin 2.png|thumb|right|230px|Structure of hemolysin which is close related to listeriolysin]]Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming protein from ''Listeria monocytogenes'' which belong to hemolysin family.The protein is selectively activated within the acidic phagosomes (average pH ~ 5.9) of cells that have phagocytosed ''L. monocytogenes''. After LLO lyses the phagosome, the bacterium escapes into the cytosol, where it can grow intracellularly. Upon release from the phagosome, the toxin has reduced activity in the more basic cytosol.</div>

====mitochondrial diseases====

<div class="glossary text">[[Image:724px-Mitochondrial DNA and diseases.png|thumb|340px|Regions of the mtDNA connected to particular disorders]] Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders relating to the interrupted function of the mitochondrion. They are comprise those disorders that affect the function of the proteins in the mitochondria or are due to mitochondrial DNA damage. Mitochondrial diseases take on unique characteristics both because of the way the diseases are often inherited and because mitochondria are pivotal to cell survivability. The subclass of these diseases that have neuromuscular disease symptoms are often referred to as a mitochondrial myopathy.</div>

<div class="glossary_text">[[Image:P53 2vmd.png|thumb|right|260px|structure of monomeric p53 protein]][[Image:P53 with DNA.png|thumb|left|390px|Dimeric form of p53 interacting with DNA]]p53 is a protein well-known for people interested in cancer. p53 is a tumor suppressor and main factor involved in control of cell-cycle, mutated in more than half of tumors. Some data shows that presence of p53 in mitochondria is able to induce [https://2009.igem.org/Team:Warsaw/Glossary#apoptosis apoptosis].

[[Image:Transport 1.png|thumb|left|340px|Tetrameric ABC protein]][[Image:Transport ligand.png|thumb|340px|right|ABC protein binding site and ATP molecule (white)]]

[[Image:TetR 4.png|thumb|left|340px|TetR protein with tetracycline molecule (silver)]][[Image:TetR+DNA 2.png|thumb|right|340px|TetR protein bound to single-stranded DNA]]