Team:EPF-Lausanne/LOVTAP

For organisms to thrive in a changing light environment, they sense and respond to light: the sensory information allows them to move in response to that stimulus. These responses are mediated by phototropins, which are photosensory proteins consisting of a serine-threonine kinase domain and a pair of non-identical Light, Oxygen, or Voltage (LOV) sensitive domains which contain the non-covalently bound chromophore flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

In the article of Strickland et al., an allosteric switch was created by joining two domains, as explained below. The resulting protein has a domain-domain overlap with a shared helix, this shared helix acting as a rigid lever arm. The disruption of the helical contacts causes a shift in the conformation. Thus, photoexcitation would change the conformation of the protein, and that will change the stability of the helix-domain contacts. This will change the affinity of the shared helix for the two domains, and a signal could be then propagated.

The system is called LovTAP system. The light-sensitive input module is the LOV2 domain of Avena sativa phototropin 1 (AsLOV2). Absorption of a photon by AsLOV2 triggers the formation of a covalent adduct between FMN (the flavin mononucleotide) cofactor and a conserved cysteine residue. This formation leads to the displacement and unfolding of an helix in the LOV domain, which is likely to mediate a signal propagation. LOV domains absorb light through a flavin cofactor, photochemically form a covalent bond between the chromophore and a cysteine residue in the protein, and proceed to mediate activation of an attached kinase domain.

The output module was the bacterial transcription factor trp repressor (TrpR). TrpR can bind its operator DNA as a homodimer.

By ligating AsLOV2 to TrpR, they were able to construct an allosteric switch called LovTAP : LOV- and tryptophan-activated protein. This protein protects DNA from digestion when illuminated.

Phototropin switching mechanism is regulated at the stage of LOV2-Jalpha interactions, which are mostly intact in the dark. Illumination leads to the formation of a protein-flavin adduct which distorts the LOV2 structure sufficiently to substantially weaken the LOV2-Jalpha interactions, thus freeing the Jalpha-helix and allowing it to unfold. Taken from the article: Estimation of the available free energy in a LOV2-Jalpha photoswitch Xiaolan Yao, Michael K Rosen & Kevin H Gardner, Nature Chemical Biology 4, 491 - 497 (2008).


LovTAP can thus be found in two states : dark-state and light-state. The ground state is referred to as the dark state, and its photoactivated state as the light state. The TrpR domain associates with the shared helix (shared from AsLOV2 and TrpR).

In the dark state (A in the image below), a few residues of the shared helix presumably dissociate from the TrpR domain and dock against the LOV domain. The steric overlap is then relieved, which decreases the TrpR domain's DNA-binding affinity (when the shared helix contacts the LOV domain, the TrpR domain is in an inactive conformation).

In the light state, the residues re-associate with the TrpR domains (because the photoexcitation disrupts contacts between the shared helix and the LOV domain), which restores DNA-binding affinity and the system is in the active form (B). LovTAP can then bind DNA. But this system is not stable, and the LOV domains returns to the dark state (C), which triggers the dissociation of LovTAP from the DNA (D).

In our project, the idea is to implement such a system in E. coli, using synthetic biology and then characterise it in vivo (in the article they have only done the characterisation in vitro).
This led to some novel challenges. Would the in vivo system react as well as in vitro? What would the interferences in such a system be? In the article they used a digestion assay to asses the binding of the LovTAP (the sequence of binding also contained a digestion enzyme recognition site. Thus, binding of the LovTAP would prevent DNA digestion). In our case, as the system was in vivo we wanted to use fluorescent protein expression to quantify the effetiveness of the LovTAP. But, as the binding site for LovTAP is the same as for TrpR, we would expect interferences and cross-talk between the natural Trp operon system and our engineered system.
First of all, we want to clone the LovTAP gene into an IPTG inducible BioBrick using a LacI promoter from the registry as well as a RBS and a terminator. Following this, we will clone a readout that would express RFP upon ligation of the LovTAP (after illumination) to its promoter sequence (the trp promoter). As we want to have RFP expression upon illumination (and thus binding of the LovTAP), we will need to create an inverter. We will also try to improve the LovTAP binding on DNA : a major problem is that the conformational change of LOVTAP is weak and the protection assay results show a small difference of LOVTAP binding on DNA between dark state and light state. We will use modelling to determine which nucleotide we could mutate in order to improve the stability of this binding state.