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Bac-Man

In 2009 the Newcastle team are tackling environmental issues using Bacillus subtilis. We are a team of eight with wide ranging backgrounds in the fields of Bioinformatics, Computing Science, Chemical Engineering, Genetics and Medical Sciences. This is Newcastle's second year in the iGEM competition; last year our team designed BugBuster, which achieved a Gold Medal.

Our aim is to engineer Bacillus subtilis to soak up the heavy metal cadmium from contaminated soils and lock it away within the spore making it bio-unavailable. For our BioBricks we are using coding sequences from Bacillus subtilis itself, as well as existing BioBricks from the iGEM parts registry which we intend to further characterise, as well as developing our own BioBricks. Our design is for the bacteria to intake cadmium through the manganese channel MntH, as it has been found that due to the similar size and charge of the ions cadmium leaks through these channels [1]. We also intend to characterise our own sigmaA promoter library which we believe will be of great use for future iGEM teams.

Heavy Metal Sensing

Once inside the cell the cadmium must be sensed in order for the cell to regulate some of the decisions involved in becoming a metal container. The metal sensing proteins we intend to use are yozA (czrA) and arsR which both bind cadmium as well as zinc cobalt and nickle, and arsenic, silver and copper respectively [2].These proteins are repressor proteins which also bind DNA preventing transcription of downstream CDS. The repressor proteins however release the DNA to preferentially bind cadmium [2] allowing transcription to occur. These proteins therefore allow selective sensing of cadmium in the form of an AND gate, a model for which can be seen in our modelling section.

Population Dynamics

As well as sensing cadmium we will attempt to engineer our bacteria’s normal population dynamics, by nudging the natural stochatic sporulation decision in favour of greater sporulation, to account for the spores that will be lost as metal containers. We will also design our own stochastic switch, which will be based on the decision of being a metal container or not. This will be regulated by an invertible segment of DNA using the hin/hix system [3]. In this way our artificial stochastic switch will be a ‘biased heads or tails’ which we can control. This stochastic switch will control expression of our ‘metal sponge’.

Metal Containers

To make our spores metal containers we will be using the metallothionein protein smtA which is a relatively small cysteine rich protein known to ‘soak up’ metals such as cadmium [4]. We will guide this protein to the spore whilst sporulating by creating a fusion with the spore coat protein cotC, which will coat the spore in cadmium bound metallothionein [5]. Finally, to ensure that metal containing spores will not germinate again, releasing their bound cadmium, we will ‘knock-out’ important germination genes using our invertible sequence system.

Overview

The following diagram gives an overview of what our design hopes to acheive...

Our design has many components which we believe are novel, such as our control over the sporulation cycle, and our synthetic stochastic switch, both systems we believe are reusable concepts within synthetic biology.

We see our bacteria as tiny eco-warriors, brave and selfless in their actions.

Eco-warriors

The Bacillus Battle Cry.

2009, this is our year! So now, let us survey the land. We learn of injustice, imbalance and destruction, with forces from our past, which hold us hostage to our future.

Poison is the ancient currency – not ours. Let us expunge these vile deeds and make a better world.

Rise up Sir Bac-Man and devour this toxic injustice.

Let us follow your banner, and let our voices raise your motto, your challenge, your sacrifice....it is yours and mine...

"Thy Quest to Sequester!"

Unwind your flag, and rouse you in your ancient inheritance.

For now, by our design, you will condemn this villainy to jail a thousand years.

So to battle my microscopic friends...and you so small...so few...you tiny band of genetically engineered siblings, in our debt may you always be re-mem-ber-ed.

Sir Bac-Man, to victory!

References

1. Que, Q. and J.D. Helmann, Manganese homestasis in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by MntR, a bifunctional regulator related to the diphtheria toxin repressor family of proteins. Molecular Microbiology, 2000. 35(6): p. 1454-1468.

2. Harvie, D.R., et al., Predicting metals sensed by ArsR-SmtB repressors: Allosteric interference by a non-effector metal. Molecular Microbiology, 2006. 59(4): p. 1341-1356.

3. Haynes, K.A., et al., Engineering bacteria to solve the Burnt Pancake Problem. Journal of Biological Engineering, 2008. 2.

4. Blindauer, C.A., et al., Multiple bacteria encode metallothioneins and SmtA-like zinc fingers. Molecular Microbiology, 2002. 45(5): p. 1421-1432.

5. Mauriello, E.M.F., et al., Display of heterologous antigens on the Bacillus subtilis spore coat using CotC as a fusion partner. Vaccine, 2004. 22(9-10): p. 1177-1187.

External links

• [http://www.ncl.ac.uk Newcastle University]