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Overview Sensitivity Tuner --- Characterisation --- Modelling Colour Generators --- Carotenoids (Orange/Red) --- Melanin (Brown) --- Violacein (Purple/Green) The Future Safety

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Violacein Pigment

Introduction

Violacein Biosynthesis

The Violacein pigment is produced from L-tryptophan via a pathway involving five enzymes, VioA-E. This scheme is shown below:

From P.R. August, T.H. Grossman, C. Minor, M.P. Draper, I.A. MacNeil, J.M. Pemberton, K.M. Call, d. Holt, and M. S. Osbourne, Sequence Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Violacein Biosynthetic Pathway from Chromobacterium violaceum, J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2000) 2(4): 513-519. [1]

The vioE is used in the step just after the vioB for the 1-2 shift of the indole ring. César Sánchez, Dr., Alfredo F. Braña, Prof. Dr., Carmen Méndez, Prof. Dr., José A. Salas, Prof. Dr. Reevaluation of the Violacein Biosynthetic Pathway and its Relationship to Indolocarbazole Biosynthesis [[2]]

Further, as module 5 is Aqua, expressing the genes under different promoters will allow us to produce at least two different colours.

Vio Operon

Our VioA-E genes are from Chromobacterium voilaceum ATCC 12472. The plasmid was pPSX vio+ provided by John Pemberton (Sarovich & Pemberton (2007) Plasmid 57:306-313)

• pPSX sequence ID FJ422118
• vio gene cluster complete cds AB032799 and AF172851.

Previous Work

Duncan Rowe provided us with the VioA-D operon on the pPSX-Vio+ plasmid, a very low copy number plasmid. We transformed Top10 E. coli with pPSX-Vio+ and used the miniprep kit from Zymo Research to make our own plasmid stocks.

Action plan of our team

Our action plan is as follows:

1. Test for violacein pigment production

2. Synthesize the violacein operon without any forbidden restriction sites to make it bio-brick compatible, and bio-brick the individual genes of the operon.

3. Produce aqua pigment.

1. Test for Violacein Pigment production

Proof of pigment production

Successful Pigment Production

We transformed Top10 with pPSX-Vio+. After three colour eventually appeared, as shown below. Interestingly, the pigment appears to remain within the bacteria, with little or no bleeding into the media. We took the violacein pigment bacteria (right plate in photo) out of the fridge to find that the purple colour had started to develop. They were therefore left at room temperature overnight. The colour appears to be within the bacteria, with little or no bleeding into the media. The control plate (left plate) is the untransformed TOP10 E. coli.

Left: control plate - untransformed TOP10 E. coli, Right: Top10 transformed with pPSX-Vio+.

Pigment production efficienty

The Vio operon is currently on a very low copy number plasmid; moving it onto a higher copy number plasmid may accelerate pigment production.

Violacein Pigment Characterization

2. Biobrick Construction

The Vio operon had numerous forbidden restriction sites. We thus had to synthesize it, removing these restriction sites and optimizing codon usage for E. coli, to create the following biobrick:

As DNA2.0 very generously agreed to synthesise the entire operon for us, we designed it to include all the five genes, each preceded by a ribosome binding site, and flanked by the prefix and suffix. All forbidden restriction sites were removed from the operon

Test colour changes by X

Characterisation of Biobricks and colour output

Test compatibility with other biobricks