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Overview Sensitivity Tuner --- Characterisation --- Modelling Colour Generators --- Carotenoids (Orange/Red) --- Melanin (Brown) --- Violacein (Purple/Green) The Future Safety

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Melanin Pigment

Characterisation

Successful Pigment Production

In order to produce pigment, bacteria transformed with pTRCmelA must be plated on media supplemented with copper and tyrosine. Supplementation with copper is necessary as copper is a cofactor for the tyrosinase, and tyrosine is a precursor to melanin biosynthesis. (N. Cabrera-Valladares, A. Martínez, S. Piñero, V.H. Lagunas-Muñoz, R. Tinoco and R. de Anda et al., Expression of the melA gene from Rhizobium etli CFN42 in Escherichia coli and characterization of the encoded tyrosinase, Enzyme Microb Technol 38 (6) (2006), pp. 772–779 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TG1-4H21NC4-4&_user=1495569&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=972838039&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000053194&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1495569&md5=3a4e939d82057cc796749e16cab13a3b])

We transformed Top10 E. coli with pTRCmelA and plated them, using LA supplemented with 15ug/ml copper, 0.2ug/ul tyrosine. Below is a plate that was incubated at 37 degrees for 24 hours and then left on the bench at room temperature over the weekend. Pigment was clearly produced, and it appears to have diffused out of the colonies.

Left: Top10 transformed with plasmid containing the MelA gene. Right: untransformed Top10.

Control Experiments

To show that the brown colour was a result of the MelA gene and not natural oxidation of the LA supplements, a control plate without any bacteria was incubated for the same amount of time and showed no change in colour (data not shown).

Optimization

On pTRCmelA, the MelA gene is under the control of the lac repressor. The photo above shows leaky expression of the promoter, as no IPTG was not added. We then experimented with the addition of IPTG and varying tyrosine concentrations to see the effect on pigment production. As the photo below shows, the greatest pigment production was achieved with IPTG induction and the highest concentration of tyrosine.

From left to right, top row: 1mM IPTG with 0.075 mg/mL tyrosine, 1mM IPTG and 0.3 mg/mL tyrosine, and then 1mM IPTG and 0.6 mg/mL tyrosine

From left to right, bottom row: 0.075 mg/mL tyrosine, 0.3 mg/mL tyrosine, and then 0.6 mg/mL tyrosine.