Team:Southampton/Project/Projection

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<li class=" cssMenui"><a class="  cssMenui" href="https://2009.igem.org/Team:Southampton/Project"><span>Project</span><![if gt IE 6]></a><![endif]><!--[if lte IE 6]><table><tr><td><![endif]-->
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<li class=" cssMenui"><a class="  cssMenui" href="https://2009.igem.org/Team:Southampton/Project/Aims">Project Aims</a></li>
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<li class=" cssMenui"><a class="  cssMenui" href="https://2009.igem.org/Team:Southampton/HP/igemexper">iGEM Experience</a></li>
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<h1>Project Introduction</h1>
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<h1>Project Projection</h1>
<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
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       <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#5D5D5D"><h3>Quorum  sensing is a process where cells communicate through the production and  detection of autoinducer molecules. These chemical signals orchestrate and  synchronize bacterial activities, as they allow information to be relayed throughout  cell networks. As a result,  prokaryote cell communities are comparable to a multi-cellular organism. <br />
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       <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#5D5D5D"><h3><strong>&nbsp;</strong></h3>
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         <h3><strong>A long term ambition of our project is to contribute to the understanding of biofilms by engineering model cell interaction networks.</strong></h3>
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         <h3>Quorum sensing is extremely imperative to the cooperative behaviour of cells as it allows individual bacteria to alter their activities depending on the  population density of the community. </h3>
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<h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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        <h3>&ldquo;Bacteria  detect the accumulation of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of  these autoinducers and alter gene expression, and therefore behaviour, in  response.&rdquo;(Waters and Bassler, 2005) </h3>
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         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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         <h3>John Conway&rsquo;s Game of Life, a popular representation of cellular automata, can be modelled as a demonstration of quorum sensing.&nbsp;  The game involves a network of cells whose &lsquo;on/off&rsquo; status is dependent on the state of their neighbouring cells. As a zero player game, the system proceeds without further input once initiated. This model can be translated  into a biological system by designing prokaryotic cells that fluoresce in  response to a threshold level of an autoinducer. Addition of the chemical IPTG to  designated cells initiates the system and will cause the production of  autoinducer molecules. When left to its own devices, the cell network will  produce a variety of patterns, showing which cells are currently emitting fluorescent light. </h3>
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         <h3>A biofilm is a thin layer of tightly packed microorganisms that adhere to, solid surfaces to form colonies. In many cases the colonies are comprised of several different species of bacteria. The microbes are encapsulated within self-produced matrix, EPS, which is made up of DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. </h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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         <h3>The Game of Life system is an illustration of the quorum sensing process but a second model can show a practical application of quorum sensing, demonstrating how it  can induce negative, positive or neutral behaviour in a cellular community. <br />
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         <h3>Biofilms are unique because unlike normal free-floating bacteria, the close cellular proximity in the biofilm causes the microbes to exhibit cooperative behaviour.  As a result, the microorganism communities are comparable to multi-cellular organisms. </h3>
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          Rock-Paper-Scissors has been used as a metaphor to portray 3 rival cells that compete for survival.  Each bacterium produces an auto-inducer that only affects the behaviour of one opponent cell, hence showing the specificity of quorum sensing. </h3>
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         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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         <h3>Cell-to-cell  interactions are not completely understood, especially within complex cellular ecosystems such as biofilms; therefore it is our aim to exploit the quorum sensing process to engineer specific interactions between bacterial species. We aim to generate complex spatio-temporal patterns to visualise the effects of  quorum sensing and to track the cell interactions within the community. Also, selective patterning of the different 'species' will allow for new 'racetrack' or 'playing field' type of interactivity. </h3>
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         <h3>This behaviour causes biofilms to be very resilient against attack and hence when biofilms develop within humans or domestic animals they can be resistant to  antibiotic treatments. When left undisturbed, biofilms build up on surfaces and can become potentially harmful.</h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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        <h3>In  order to develop more effective ways of removing biofilms, scientists need to  discover more about the cooperative behaviour exhibited by the cell  communities. </h3>
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        <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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        <h3>There  are three basic forms of cell interaction that take place in a biofilm matrix:  negative, neutral and positive interaction. </h3>
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        <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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        <h3>In  our project, we have used a rock-paper-scissors (RPS) model to demonstrate a  particular type of interaction network. Our bacteria are engineered to disable  the primary plasmids of the opponent cells and not to kill the cells, hence  this demonstrates an example of neutral cell interaction, which is thought to  be the primary interaction that stabilises biofilms. </h3>
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<h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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<h3>In  2002, Kerr et al published a paper in <em>Nature</em> that investigated how the local dispersal of cells promotes biodiversity. To  illustrate this theory, they developed a RPS model where the cells destroy one  another whereby exhibiting negative interaction. </h3>
         <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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         <h3>WATERS, C. M. &amp; BASSLER, B. L. (2005) Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. <em>Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,</em> 21<strong>,</strong> 319-46.</h3>
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         <h3><strong>A continuation of our iGEM project would be to expand the RPS system to examine how auto-inducers  from neighbouring cells could interact with the core metabolism of cells; an  example of positive cell interaction.</strong></h3>
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      <h3>&nbsp;</h3>
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      <h3><strong>Once the  different forms of cell interaction have been modelled and verified in model  systems, scientists will gain a greater insight into biofilm behaviour and  control. </strong><strong></strong></h3>      
       <h3>&nbsp;</h3></td>
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Southampton iGEM 2009</h5>
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Latest revision as of 19:44, 21 October 2009

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> University of Southampton Wiki

Project Projection

 

 

 

 

 

A long term ambition of our project is to contribute to the understanding of biofilms by engineering model cell interaction networks.

 

A biofilm is a thin layer of tightly packed microorganisms that adhere to, solid surfaces to form colonies. In many cases the colonies are comprised of several different species of bacteria. The microbes are encapsulated within a self-produced matrix, EPS, which is made up of DNA, proteins and polysaccharides.

 

Biofilms are unique because unlike normal free-floating bacteria, the close cellular proximity in the biofilm causes the microbes to exhibit cooperative behaviour. As a result, the microorganism communities are comparable to multi-cellular organisms.

 

This behaviour causes biofilms to be very resilient against attack and hence when biofilms develop within humans or domestic animals they can be resistant to antibiotic treatments. When left undisturbed, biofilms build up on surfaces and can become potentially harmful.

 

In order to develop more effective ways of removing biofilms, scientists need to discover more about the cooperative behaviour exhibited by the cell communities.

 

There are three basic forms of cell interaction that take place in a biofilm matrix: negative, neutral and positive interaction.

 

In our project, we have used a rock-paper-scissors (RPS) model to demonstrate a particular type of interaction network. Our bacteria are engineered to disable the primary plasmids of the opponent cells and not to kill the cells, hence this demonstrates an example of neutral cell interaction, which is thought to be the primary interaction that stabilises biofilms.

 

In 2002, Kerr et al published a paper in Nature that investigated how the local dispersal of cells promotes biodiversity. To illustrate this theory, they developed a RPS model where the cells destroy one another whereby exhibiting negative interaction.

 

A continuation of our iGEM project would be to expand the RPS system to examine how auto-inducers from neighbouring cells could interact with the core metabolism of cells; an example of positive cell interaction.

 

Once the different forms of cell interaction have been modelled and verified in model systems, scientists will gain a greater insight into biofilm behaviour and control.

 

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